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Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The combined frequency of two alleles used in DNA fingerprinting.
Introduction: The detection of variations in the minisatellites, or short tandem repeats used to identify individuals is called DNA fingerprinting. DNA was first used as
b.
To determine: Whether the combined frequency of the alleles point to the suspect as a perpetrator
Introduction: DNA profiling has been used in criminal and civil investigations. The allele frequency with a number of STR probes is calculated, and the probability is matched with the suspect.
c.
To determine: The additional data that can be obtained from the DNA lab to find the perpetrator.
Introduction: The use of DNA profiling has brought about a major revolution in criminal and civil proceedings. The DNA is probed with four STR allele probes, and the frequency is calculated to determine or identify the perpetrator.
d.
To determine: Whether jurors in judicial system understand basic probability and whether DNA evidence can mislead jurors to make a false decision.
Introduction: DNA was first used as forensic evidence in 1986 since then DNA profiling has brought about a major revolution in criminal and civil proceedings. The analysis of DNA profiling includes the study of probability, statistics and population genetics.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
HUMAN HEREDITY (LL)-W/MINDTAP ACCESS
- The genotype at one CODIS Core Locus for the mother is (3,8) and for the father is (5, 7). Answer the questions below as they relate to that one CODIS Core Locus. Show your calculations and explain your logic. If a forensic profile is (7, 8) for this CODIS Core locus, what is the probability that one of the two sons will match at both alleles and the other will match at just one allele?arrow_forwardThe following gel represents a result of the RFLP experiment you designed using the DNA of 9 different individuals (this is your population). The ladder used is a 50bp ladder and is loaded in the first well. 1. What is the percentage of non-tasters in this population? 2. What is the percentage of heterozygous in this population? 3. What is the frequency of nontaster allele in this population? 4. What is the frequency of the taster allele in this population?arrow_forwardThe genotype at one CODIS Core Locus for the mother is (3,8) and for the father is (5, 7). Answer the questions below as they relate to that one CODIS Core Locus. Show your calculations and explain your logic. What is the probability the sons will show one matching allele to each other? If a forensic profile is (7, 8) for this CODIS Core locus, what is the probability that one of the two sons will match at both alleles and the other will match at just one allele?arrow_forward
- What is DNA fingerprinting? Mention its application.arrow_forwardIn 1998, Sally Clark was tried for murder after two of her sons died shortly after birth. During the trial, an expert witness for the prosecution testified that the probability of a newborn dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was 1/8500, so the probability of two deaths due to SIDS in one family was (1/8500)7, or about one in 73 million. Therefore, he continued, the probability of Clark's innocence was one in 73 million. What is wrong with the prosecution's reasoning?arrow_forwardThe next several questions refer to the data given in this problem. You sample a population of leafhoppers and genotype 250 individuals at a polymorphic locus with two alleles. You obtain the following numbers: AA = 68 individualsAa = 54 individualsaa = 128 individuals What is the frequency of the A allele? (You may round your answer to 2 decimal places)arrow_forward
- In your F2 light treatment vial, you observe the following data: 5 white-eyed males, 18 wild-type males, 7 white-eyed females, and 10 wild-type females. What is the white-eyed allele frequency in this generation? Leave your answer as a decimal.arrow_forwardJean Manning, Charles Kerfoot, and Edward Berger studied genotypic frequencies at the phosphoglucose isomerase (GPI) locus in the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris (a small crustacean known as a water flea). They collected 176 of the animals from a single location in Union Bay in Seattle, Washington, and determined their GPI genotypes by using electrophoresis (J. Manning, W. C. Kerfoot, and E. M. Berger. 1978. Evolution 32:365–374). Genotype Number S1S1 4 S1S2 38 S2S2 134 Determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies for this population.arrow_forwardThe gel image below shows 7 alleles, let's call them 1-7 in order of size, with 1 being the largest and 7 being the smallest. In this sample of 11 individuals, what percentage of individuals have allele 7? Please type your answer as a number, rounded to the nearest whole percentage, just type the number, not the symbol. Answer: In the gel image below 0 percent of individuals have allele 7. Photograph of UV illuminated 1% agarose TBE gel run for 40 minutes at 120 V, showing the result of PCR from a variable number tandem repeat region in 11 different individuals (A-K) ... A B C DE F G H IJK 2000| 1650 1000 850 600 500 Кey: Lane 1: DNA ladder, see image for fragment sizes (bp). Lanes 2-13: PCR products from the same variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) autosomal region of DNA from 11 different individuals (A-K).arrow_forward
- In your F2 light treatment vial, you observe the following data: 5 white-eyed males, 18 wild-type males, 7 white-eyed females, and 10 wild-type females. What is the white-eyed allele frequency in this generation? Leave your answer as a decimal. Give the explanation also.arrow_forwardI believe that the correct answer is: p^2+2pq+q^2=1 I just want to make sure that I am understanding the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium correctly.arrow_forwardRemember from the lecture that we can create a short tandem repeat (STR) profile, which identifies the two alleles that are present at each locus in a series of loci. For our forensic purposes, we might be interested in the frequencies of particular pairs of alleles at a given locus. Here, we consider a locus called VWA, for which we provide a list of allele frequencies: Allele 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Frequency 0.002 0.094 0.111 0.2 0.281 0.2 0.104 0.005 0.003 (a) Suppose that saliva was recovered at a crime scene and the genotype VWA(13,15) was identified from this. A suspect was apprehended who matched this genotype. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the evidential value of this match? (round your answer to three decimal places) (b) How many possible heterozygous genotypes are there for locus VWA, that could be made up of the alleles listed in the table?arrow_forward
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