(a)
To determine:. At which step during cardiac cycle a murmur is heard in a disease called valvular aortic stenosis
Introduction:. Aortic valvular stenosis is a common and serious valve disease problem. This disease is caused due to the narrowing of the aortic valve opening, which results in the restriction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, and also the pressure in the left atrium is affected.
(b)
To determine: At which step during cardiac cycle, a murmur is heard in a disease called mitral valve regurgitation.
Introduction: Mitral valve comprises of structures which work synchronously to open during diastole and close in systole with high pressure surrounding Whenever the left ventricle contracts if there is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve, it causes mitral valve regurgitation.
(c)
To determine:. At which step during cardiac cycle, a murmur is heard in a disease called aortic valve regurgitation.
Introduction: Aortic valve helps in closing the lower left chamber of heart so that the oxygen-containing blood can be help before it is pumped out to the body and opening it so that blood can flow from left ventricle to aorta and to body.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
- Rank the movements of blood through the heart described below at left according to the magnitude (or, intensity) of myocardial electrical activity needed to drive it, from least greatest ( by selecting a number for each from the drop-down menus at right (numbers will be used only once). to systolic ventricular filling [Choose ] ejection of blood into the pulmonary trunk [ Choose ) diastolic ventricular filling [ Choose ) ejection of blood into the ascending aorta [Choose )arrow_forwardClassify the three congenital heart defects—ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, and tetralogy of Fallot (Figure 19.18)— according to whether they produce (1) mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood, (2) increased workload for the ventricles, or (3) both of these problems.arrow_forwardOutline the flow of the electrical impulse through the conduction system of the heart by choosing the correct sequence from the drop-down menusFill the slots with the terms provided (A) leads to (B) leads to (C) leads to (D) leads to (E) Terms to use: Purkinje fibers SA node AV node and atrial contractile cells Ventricular and contractile cells right and left bundle branchesarrow_forward
- Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a rapid and unorganized beating of the upper chambers of the heart. It is generally not life-threatening in the short term, but it dramatically impacts how a patient feels, and it can have bad consequences in the long term. One of those “bad consequences” is stroke, caused by blood clots that can form in the atria when they are “fibrillating” for long periods of time, and the clots subsequently flow to the brain. We are now planning a study to see whether a new therapy (perhaps cryoablation plus a new drug) is better than a control therapy (perhaps cryotherapy plus an old drug) at preventing stroke or death. Our primary endpoint will be a composite of stroke or all-cause mortality, and we will structure this as a time-to-event analysis. We think the new therapy will lead to a reduction in risk of 40% (that is, a hazard ratio of 0.60). How many events must we observe (combined across both therapy groups) in order to have 95% power to detect a reduction…arrow_forwardSelect the FALSE statement: /////////////////www. OA) This abnormal ECG results in increased stroke volume O B) In this abnormal ECG, the ventricles are not stimulated to contract by the SA node, the natural pacemaker. of the heart O C) This abnormal ECG is compatible with life so far as the individual does not engage in strenuous activities OD) This abnormal ECG results in decreased in CO OE) None of the abovearrow_forwardConsidering the function of the heart, why is it important that the myocardium cannot be tetanized?arrow_forward
- The first sound of a cardiac cycle occurs when the _____ and ______ (select them in alphabetical order) are closing. The second sound of a cardicac cycle occurs when the _______ and ________ (select them in alphabetical order) are closing. Word Options for Blanks: (some may not be used, some may be used more than once) aorta aortic valve bicuspid valve coronary sinus inferior vena cava left atrium left ventricle pulmonary arteries pulmonary trunk pulmonary valve pulmonary veins right atrium right ventricle superior vena cava tricuspid valvearrow_forwardIn dilated cardiomyopathy of the left ventricle, the ventricle can become enormously enlarged. Explain why this might lead to regurgitation of blood through the mitral valve (blood flowing from the ventricle back into the left atrium) during ventricular systole?arrow_forwardThe exact cause of blood clotting in the left atrium of the heart during atrial fibrillation (AF) is not known. In part it might be due to blood stasis (not moving) or it may result in combination with endothelial cells damage. (A) What are the potential mechanisms that might drive clotting and what markers might you look for in the blood to predict potential risk? (B) Other than treating the arrhythmia, what other pharmacological intervention might be provided to AF sufferers?arrow_forward
- What is the tissue type for the following structures of the heart Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium Myocardium Endocardium Right atrium right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Auricles Papillary muscles Fossa Ovalis Pectinate Muscles Chordae Tendinae Interventricular septum Tricuspid, pulmonary, Bicuspid, mitral, and Aortic semilunar valves pulmonary trunk Pulmonary artery Aorta Arteries Sinus/veinsarrow_forwardIndicate the correct order of the sequence of events occurring during congestive heart failure. Order the sentences (Hint: End with "g") This question is a great summary of what happens, in steps, in congestive heart failure. a. narrowed bicuspid valve makes the L atrium pump harder in order to "push" blood into the L ventricle through an opening that is too narrow. b. pressure of the extra, backed up blood in the lung creates pressure in the capillaries that begin to leak fluid into the lung. c. extra "left-over" blood in the atrium that has not descended into the ventricle after a beat has nowhere to go. d. congenital heart defect causes a narrowed bicuspid valve e. not all blood gets "pushed" from the L atrium to the L ventricle during a regular heart beat f. blood that backed up in the L atrium with nowhere to go backs up further, into the pulmonary veins and eventually into the lung g. the patient gets less oxygen with each breath, feels tired all the time and is…arrow_forwardEctopic beats can be caused by myocardial iritability. As A/Os we may be able to reduce myocardial imitability (and thus the number of ectopics) through good quality patient care. Explain how this can be achieved.arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning