BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS&INVEST. (LL)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781264706983
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 14.6, Problem 4MC
Summary Introduction
To enlist:
The types of evidences do biologist use in cladistics analysis.
Concept introduction:
Cladistics approach is a way to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups based on the most recent common ancestor. This approach is based on evolution.
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how can a scientist use dna taken from three different organisms to construct a cladogram?
A scientist is attempting to build a cladogram that shows the evolutionary closeness of three organisms in relation to humans. After doing DNA analysis, they determine that the organisms share the following percentages of DNA:
Organism A and humans share 85% of their DNA.
Organism B and humans share 80% of their DNA.
Organism C and humans share 90% of their DNA.
Based on this information, which order should they go on the cladogram (from least related to most related)?
Does the use of DNA sequences in the study of evolutionary relationships mean that other characteristics are unimportant in such studies? Discuss what other forms of evidence you may still want to use, along with when and why those other forms of evidence would be especially helpful.
Chapter 14 Solutions
BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS&INVEST. (LL)
Ch. 14.1 - What is the relationship between macroevolution...Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.1 - What are some of the challenges in defining...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.3 - Distinguish among allopatric, parapatric, and...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14.4 - Describe the theories of gradualism and punctuated...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 2MC
Ch. 14.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14.6 - Describe the taxonomic hierarchy.Ch. 14.6 - What is the advantage of a cladistics approach...Ch. 14.6 - Distinguish between ancestral and derived...Ch. 14.6 - Prob. 4MCCh. 14.6 - How is a cladogram constructed?Ch. 14.6 - Prob. 6MCCh. 14.7 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.7 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14 - The biological species concept defines species...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 14 - A mountain range separates a population of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 14 - What type of reproductive barrier applies to each...Ch. 14 - Why do species become extinct? Choose a species...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3WIOCh. 14 - Which of the groups in figure 1.9 represent...Ch. 14 - On figure 14.20, circle a monophyletic group, a...Ch. 14 - Prob. 1PITCh. 14 - Add fertilization and offspring to this concept...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3PIT
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- What is cladistics and why is it significant?arrow_forwardCladistics Exercise: The following is a chart demonstrating the shared derived traits among several clades of animals. The row across the top represents the animals, the column on the left represents a trait. An X in the box shows which animals have the particular trait, and which do not. Take out a piece of paper and draw a diagonal line. Then add the nodes and draw in which species drop off at each node. In other words, construct a cladogram for this chart. Then take a picture of the cladogram and upload it to complete this assignment. Chart of Traits and Species Rhesus Snapping Kangaroo Lamprey Bullfrog Human Tuna Monkey Turtle Dorsal Nerve Cord X X X Vertebral column X X Paired legs X Amniotic sac Mammary Glands Placenta Foramen magnum forward TOTALS of Xs 1 6 3 7 4 2 Amnion (a membrane that holds in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or may not be inside an egg shell)arrow_forwardConstruct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b)arrow_forward
- Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram? What the difference between "homologous traits" and "analogous traits"? What is the difference between "ancestral traits" and "derived traits"?arrow_forwardYou will sketch a cladogram for the named organisms below. I do not expect you to know all the unique features of each organism or which features are more important than others (yet). However, when you create branches you must indicate what characteristic (trait) you chose to make the splitting decision. Just state the trait on the cladogram. The interpretation will come later. (A) Create a cladogram for the following organisms: amoeba, panda, chameleon, salamander, trout, leech, sea anemone (B) From your cladogram select two organisms that would form a MONOPHYLETIC group and a second two that could form a PARAPHYLETIC group. Define each term. (C) You don't have to draw one, but explain how a Phylogenetic tree of thesearrow_forward
- how do scientists organize a cladogram?arrow_forwardExplain the difference between maximum Parsimony and maximum likelihood, when used in computing phylogenetic trees.arrow_forwardBased on their anatomical and behavioral differences, biologists previously placed humans and chimpanzees in different families, but now DNA sequence data suggest that they are closely related and should be placed in the same family. What are some advantages of using DNA sequences to decide how to classify organisms? What might be some disadvantages?arrow_forward
- You are evaluating five phylogenetic trees generated from a single cladistics analysis. Tree A shows 21 evolutionary events (i.e. the evolution of a shared, derived trait), Tree B shows 7 events, Tree C shows 18 events, Tree D shows 10 events, and Tree E shows 9 events. Which tree is most likely the correct one? Group of answer choices Tree A Tree D Tree B Tree E Tree Carrow_forwardWhat is a cladogram? A cladogram is a diagram that shows relations among organisms. A cladogram uses lines that branch to end at groups of organisms with a common ancestor. The image shows the relationship among groups A, B, and C. Closely related organisms will have one or more SHARED TRAITS, indicated by the green and orange circles. 1. Which two organisms are most closely related? 2. The green dot indicates a trait that is shared by every animal on the diagram. Suggest a trait that would apply. 3. Animals A & B share a trait that animal C does not have, indicated by the orange circle. Suggest a trait that would apply. Source: https//commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Identical cladograms svg B.arrow_forwardDiscuss how the principle of parsimony can be used in a cladistics approach to constructing a phylogenetic tree.arrow_forward
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