Principles of Anatomy and Physiology - Access Package
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781118830727
Author: Tortora
Publisher: WILEY
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Chapter 15, Problem 15CP
Summary Introduction
To review:
The sympathetic response for the given body parts in a frightening situation.
Hair follicles
Iris of eye
Lungs
Spleen
Adrenal medullae
Urinary bladder
Stomach
Intestines
Gallbladder
Liver
Heart
Arterioles of abdominal viscera
Arterioles of skeletal muscles
Introduction:
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) enhances sympathetic response in the situation of emotional or physical stress. During such situations, the sympathetic division of ANS dominates the parasympathetic nervous system and affect different organs of the body differently.
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Indicate the results of sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of vigorously working skeletal muscles, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter:
Briefly compare autonomic neurons to somatic motor neurons in terms of types of effectors, number of neurons forming the pathway, speed of conduction along fibers, and neurotransmitters released. Compare and contrast the basic details of sympathetic pathways to different body regions and the details of parasympathetic pathways to the same regions (especially the length of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic fibers and relative locations of the ganglia).
Chapter 15 Solutions
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- In the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system: Select one: The ratio between the number of postganglionic and preganglionic neurons is small. A single preganglionic neuron usually synapses with a single postganglionic neuron. An important functional characteristic is convergence of the preganglionic fibers. Preganglionic fibers are usually much longer than the postganglionic fibers. Activity of the neurons tends to have a more generalized and widespread effect on the body.arrow_forwardFor each of the following statements about the sympathetic nervous system, state whether it is true or false. Postganglionic neurons can stimulate the heart [Select] Preganglionic nerve fibers originate from the brainstem or from the sacral part of the spinal cord [Select] Preganglionic fibers are relatively long [Select] Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine [Select] Postganglionic neurons can stimulate skeletal muscle [Select] Postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine [Select]arrow_forwardIdentify the effects of sympathetic nervous systems have on the following heart,bronchial smooth muscel,bronchial glands,and eyes.arrow_forward
- Which sentence is accurate? Postganglionic and preganglionic fibers located in the sympathetic division are the same length. Postganglionic and preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic are the same length. Postganglionic fibers are known to be shorter than preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division. Postganglionic fibers are known to be shorter than preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division.arrow_forwardClassify the following characteristics to demonstrate your knowledge of differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic Nervous System Most ganglia lie close to the spinal cord and form two chains of ganglia-one on each side of the spinal cord Increases intestinal motility and stimulates intestinal secretion Postganglionic axons are generally short Preganglionic axons are generally short Postganglionic axons release NE that binds to adrenergic receptors located on the effectors Decreases heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity Ganglia lie within, or very close to, innervated organs Decreases intestinal motility and inhibits intestinal secretion Long preganglionic axons release ACh that binds to nicotinic receptors located within the ganglia Neurons leave the CNS from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord Parasympathetic Nervous System Generalized activation is called the fight-or-flight response…arrow_forwardMatch the following effects and statements to the correct division of the autonomic nervous system. Select "Both" if the statement or effect is true of both divisions. "Resting and digesting" division Innervate most major organs of the body Increases heart rate Constricts pupils Innervates most blood vessels Regulate smooth muscle and cardiac muscle ANSWER OPTIONS: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, BOTHarrow_forward
- State whether each of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system: short preganglionic fibers; origin from thoracolumbar region of spinal cord; terminal ganglia; collateral ganglia; innervates adrenal medulla.arrow_forwardA patient’s heart is beating unusually slowly. Which of the following are possible explanations? (More than one may be correct) Parasympathetic system is overactive Parasympathetic system is underactive Sympathetic system is overactive Sympathetic system is underactivearrow_forwardPlease explain what cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is, how it is made (structures involved); and discuss its complete circulation. EXPLANATION ADDRESSING THE QUESTION ABOVE Cerebral spinal fluid is a fluid that cushions the central nervous system and provides buoyancy to and helps nourish the brain. It circulates around the surface of the brain, interior ventricles, and surface of the spinal cord and central canal of the spinal cord. CSF is created by the ependymal cells in the choroid plexus and ventricles of the brain. CSF is made up mostly of water and also includes ions, nutrients like vitamin c and protein, and can pick up waste as it circulates. CSF circulation starts in the lateral ventricle where the choroid plexus and lateral ventricle creates or secretes the CSF. The CSF then flows through the ventricular foramen into the third ventricle. At the third ventricle, the CSF then flows through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle. Then, the CSF exits the fourth…arrow_forward
- Describe the four major ways by which sympathetic axonspass from sympathetic chain ganglia to effectors. Name fourabdominopelvic autonomic nerve plexuses.arrow_forwardList and describe the major effects of parasympathetic stimulation. Explain why sympathetic effectstend to be systemic and long lasting, while parasympathetic effects are local and short lived.arrow_forwardFor which of the following systems is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine released by neurons at the target tissue? true only for the sympathetic division true only for the parasympathetic division true for both divisions false for both divisionsarrow_forward
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