Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Using
Concept introduction:
Grignard reagents and their lithium analogs are prepared by the reaction of the metal with an alkyl (primary, secondary, tertiary), aryl, or vinyl halide, usually in diethyl ether as the solvent.
Retrosynthesis of alcohols provides useful information about the carbonyl compounds that could be used to produce alcohols upon reaction with Grignard reagents.
The type of alcohol – primary, secondary or tertiary – suggests the possible carbonyl compounds used.
Primary alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagent with formaldehyde.
Secondary alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagent with
Tertiary alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagent with
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Organic Chemistry - Standalone book
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- Alcohols undergo dehydration reactions in the presence of an acid catalyst. Which of the following compounds yields only a single alkene product upon dehydration?arrow_forwardEthyl butyrate, CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3, is an artificial fruit flavor commonly used in the food industry for such flavors as orange and pineapple. Its fragrance and taste are often associated with fresh orange juice, and thus it is most commonly used as orange flavoring.It can be produced by the reaction of butanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst (H+): CH3CH2CH2CO2H(l)+CH2CH3OH(l)H+⟶CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3(l)+H2O(l) a) Given 7.70 g of butanoic acid and excess ethanol, how many grams of ethyl butyrate would be synthesized, assuming a complete 100% yield? b) A chemist ran the reaction and obtained 5.25 g of ethyl butyrate. What was the percent yield? c) The chemist discovers a more efficient catalyst that can produce ethyl butyrate with a 78.0% yield. How many grams would be produced from 7.70 g of butanoic acid and excess ethanol?arrow_forwardEthyl butyrate, CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3, is an artificial fruit flavor commonly used in the food industry for such flavors as orange and pineapple. Its fragrance and taste are often associated with fresh orange juice, and thus it is most commonly used as orange flavoring.It can be produced by the reaction of butanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst (H+): CH3CH2CH2CO2H(l)+CH2CH3OH(l)H+⟶CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3(l)+H2O(l). The chemist discovers a more efficient catalyst that can produce ethyl butyrate with a 78.0% yield. How many grams would be produced from 8.50 gof butanoic acid and excess ethanol? Express your answer in grams to three significant figures.arrow_forward
- Phenylethanol can be oxidised to phenylethanal or phenylethanoic acid, depending on the reagents used (both the alcohol and the aldehyde are of interest for their antimicrobial properties, while the acid is used to treat type II hyperammonemia): A (a) (b) (c) CoH,CH,CHO phenylethanal B C6H5CH₂CH₂OHC₂H₂CH₂CO₂H phenylethanol Suggest reagents (shown as A and B in the scheme above) that could be used to carry out the oxidation of the alcohol to the aldehyde and the acid, respectively. C6H5CH₂- Suggest two other syntheses of phenylethanoic acid, in each case indicating the starting materials and other reagents required, but not giving details of mechanism. One of your proposed syntheses must start with a compound which only contains seven carbon atoms (the acid product contains eight carbon atoms). phenylethanoic acid Phenylethanal can be converted to a hydrate in the presence of aqueous acid, though the position of equilibrium is very far to the left: H H+/H₂O OH C6H5CH₂-C-H OH Explain why…arrow_forwardEthyl butyrate, CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3, is an artificial fruit flavor commonly used in the food industry for such flavors as orange and pineapple. Its fragrance and taste are often associated with fresh orange juice, and thus it is most commonly used as orange flavoring.It can be produced by the reaction of butanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst (H+): CH3CH2CH2CO2H(l)+CH2CH3OH(l)H+⟶CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3(l)+H2O(l) Given 8.50 g of butanoic acid and excess ethanol, how many grams of ethyl butyrate would be synthesized, assuming a complete 100%yield? Express your answer in grams to three significant figures.arrow_forwardAldehydes and ketones react with one molecule of an alcohol to form compounds called hemiacetals, in which there is one hydroxyl group and one ether-like group. Reaction of a hemiacetal with a second molecule of alcohol gives an acetal and a molecule of water. ROH, H+ OH OR Aldehyde/ketone Alcohol ROH, H+ Draw the structural formulas for the hemiacetal and the acetal formed between the following compounds: OH OH OR OR • Use the wedge/hash bond tools to indicate stereochemistry where it exists. + H₂Oarrow_forward
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- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning