EBK MICROBIOLOGY:W/DISEASES BY BODY...-
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780134608242
Author: BAUMAN
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 15, Problem 3TMW
Summary Introduction
To tell:
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are necessary for the full function of toll-like receptors.
Introduction:
The immune system involves several mechanisms to protect the host from the foreign substances to provide immunity. The innate is the non-specific defense mechanism, which acts immediately after the exposure of antigens or foreign substances on the body.
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Students have asked these similar questions
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces:
The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels
The production of antimicrobial peptides
The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection
The activation of Drosophila complement
What are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections:
1) TNF
2) IL-12
3) Type I Interferon
Chapter 15 Solutions
EBK MICROBIOLOGY:W/DISEASES BY BODY...-
Ch. 15 - Prob. 1TMWCh. 15 - Some strains of Staphylococcus aureus produce...Ch. 15 - Evaluating an Abnormal CBC Roger Brown, an African...Ch. 15 - The Stealth Invader Tim is often seen walking...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3TMWCh. 15 - Phagocytes of the epidermis are called _________....Ch. 15 - Mucus-secreting membranes are found in ________....Ch. 15 - The complement system involves _________. a. the...Ch. 15 - The alternative complement activation pathway...Ch. 15 - Which of the complement fragments is inflammatory?...
Ch. 15 - The type of interferon present late in an...Ch. 15 - Interferons ________. a. do not protect the cell...Ch. 15 - Prob. 8MCCh. 15 - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act to ________. a....Ch. 15 - Prob. 10MCCh. 15 - Modified True/False 1. _______ The surface cells...Ch. 15 - Modified True/False 2. _______ The surface cells...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 4MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 5MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 6MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 7MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 8MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 9MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 10MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 11MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 12MTFCh. 15 - Prob. 13MTFCh. 15 - Modified True/False 14. ___________________...Ch. 15 - Modified True/False 15. __________________ NETs...Ch. 15 - Prob. 1MCh. 15 - Write the letter of the description that applies...Ch. 15 - Label the steps of phagocytosis.Ch. 15 - Prob. 2VICh. 15 - In order for a pathogen to cause disease, what...Ch. 15 - How does a phagocyte know it is in contact with a...Ch. 15 - Give three characteristics of the epidermis that...Ch. 15 - What is the role of Toll-like receptors in innate...Ch. 15 - Describe the classical complement cascade pathway...Ch. 15 - Prob. 6SACh. 15 - John received a chemical burn on his arm and was...Ch. 15 - What might happen to someone whose body did not...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3CTCh. 15 - Prob. 4CTCh. 15 - There are two kinds of agranulocytes in the...Ch. 15 - A patient has a genetic disorder that prevents him...Ch. 15 - Prob. 7CTCh. 15 - Scientists can raise germ-free animals in axenic...Ch. 15 - Prob. 9CTCh. 15 - Scientists are interested in developing...Ch. 15 - A medical laboratory scientist argues that...Ch. 15 - A patient has a genetic disorder that makes it...Ch. 15 - Prob. 13CTCh. 15 - Prob. 14CTCh. 15 - Using the following terms, fill in the following...
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Similar questions
- 1) According to the video, what is another name for the innate immune sys and what does this system do? 2) According to the video, what causes inflammation and what cells cause it? 3) According to the video, what happens to neutrophils after they consume a pathogen? 4) According to the video, natural killer cells; what do they do? 5) The adaptive/acquired immune system can tell the difference between types of pathogens: true or false? 6) According to the video, helper t- function: 7) According to the video, cytotoxic t cells function: 8) According to the video, memory cells function:arrow_forwardWhat is the immunological function of a Toll-like receptor?arrow_forwardFrom the standpoint of defending the human body, why would it be beneficial for the cells that line the blood vessels to have TLRs on their surface?arrow_forward
- What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation to innate immunity?arrow_forwardMammalian Toll-like receptors are activated by many different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. As a family, TLRs can recognize PAMPs associated with a broad array of different pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Patients with a specific susceptibility to herpesvirus infections have a defect in their ability to respond to viral nucleic acids using TLR-3, TLR-7, or TLR-9, even though these proteins are expressed in the patients’ cells. Analysis of the TLRs in macrophages and dendritic cells from these patients would likely show which of the arrangements in Figure below?arrow_forwardAn adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves: a) Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides b) Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines c) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination d) The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15arrow_forward
- The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some cases, C1q can directly bind the pathogen, for instance by recognizing proteins of bacterial cell walls, but in most cases C1q binds to IgM antibodies that are bound to the pathogen surface. How does this IgM-binding feature of C1q contribute to rapid, innate immune responses rather than to slow, adaptive responses? C1q induces B lymphocytes to begin secreting antibody within hours of pathogen exposure. Natural antibody that binds to many microbial pathogens is produced prior to pathogen exposure. C1q binds to C-reactive protein which then binds to IgM on the pathogen surface. C1q directly induces inflammation, recruiting phagocytes and antibodies from the blood into the infected tissue. C1q binds to dendritic cells in the infected tissue, inducing them to secrete inflammatory cytokines.arrow_forwardWhy would the discovery of TLRs alter the view that innate immunity is non-specific?arrow_forwardOf the following, which should NOT occur in order to facilitate T-cell selection in the thymus? A) positive-selection based on an interaction with MHC alone B) negative-selection based on a failed interaction with self-peptides in a MHC C) apoptosis of T-cells that fail to interact with MHC alone during positive selection. D) negative-selection based on an interaction with MHC containing a non-self peptidearrow_forward
- In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a proteolytic cascade that produces the effector proteins that function in opsonization, membrane attack, and inflammation. Which of these is likely to be the most evolutionarily primitive aspect of the complement system? Which pathway of complement initiation is likely to be the one that most recently evolved?arrow_forwardWhat are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the locations of each TLRS? What are they exactly detecting specifically? How are cellular behavior changing after they detect pathogens via TLRS? How does complement get activated? Please explain three pathways of complement activation and end results of complement activation.arrow_forwardExplain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of interferons are activated by viruses at the earliest stages of infection? How are interferons activated? What types of stimuli activate interferons at the earliest stages of viral infection.? Identify the receptors to which interferon binds and how their activation affects gene expression?arrow_forward
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