Concept explainers
(a)
The variation in internal energy of a gas that undergoes a
(b)
The magnitude of the work that is done by the environment upon the gas on
(c)
Ift he total work done on the gas is positive, negative or zero in the whole process from state 1 to state 2 and from state 2 to state 1.
(d)
The heating process of the gas from state 1 to state 2 and then from state 2 to state 1 and also throughout process from state 1 to state 2 and then back to state 1. Also determine whether the total
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Chapter 15 Solutions
College Physics: Explore And Apply, Volume 2 (2nd Edition)
- (a) How much food energy will a man metabolize in the process of doing 35.0 kJ of work with an efficiency of 5.00%? (b) How much heal transfer occurs to the environment to keep his temperature constant? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem—Solving Strategy for thermodynamics found in Problem-Solving Strategies for Thermodynamics.arrow_forwardThe Sun radiates energy at the rate of 3.801026W from its 5500C surface into dark empty space (a negligible fraction radiates onto Earth and the other planets). The effective temperature of deep space is 270C. (a) What is the increase in entropy in one day due to this heat transfer? (b) How much work is made unavailable?arrow_forward(a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.arrow_forward
- (a) On a winter day, a certain house loses 5.00108J of heat to the outside (about 500,000 Btu). What is the total change in entropy due to this heat transfer alone, assuming an average indoor temperature of 21.0C and an average outdoor temperature of 5.00C ? (b) This large change in entropy implies a large amount of energy has become unavailable to do work. Where do we find more energy when such energy is lost to us?arrow_forwardUnreasonable Results (a) Suppose you want to design a steam engine that has heat transfer to the environment at 270C and has a Carnot eficiency of 0.800. What temperature of hot Steam must you use? (b) What is unreasonable about the temperature? (c) Which premise is unreasonable?arrow_forwardA power plant has been proposed that would make use of the temperature gradient in the ocean. The system is to operate between 20.0C (surface water temperature) and 5.00C (water temperature at a depth of about 1 km). (a) What is the maximum efficiency of such a system? (b) If the useful power output of the plant is 75.0 MW, how much energy is absorbed per hour? (c) In view of your answer to part (a), do you think such a system is worthwhile (considering that there is no charge for fuel)?arrow_forward
- What is the net work output of a heat engine that follows path ABBA in the figure above, with a straight line from B to D? Why is the work output less than for path ABCDA? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem Solving Strategies for Thermodynamics.arrow_forwardA large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)arrow_forwardIn a cylinder of an automobile engine, immediately after combustion the gas is confined to a volume of 50.0 cm3 and has an initial pressure of 3.00 106 Pa. The piston moves outward to a final volume of 300 cm3, and the gas expands without energy transfer by heat, (a) What is the final pressure of the gas? (b) How much work is done by the gas in expanding?arrow_forward
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