Campbell Biology Plus Masteringbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321775849
Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 15.5, Problem 1CC
Gene dosage—the number of copies of a gene that are actively being expressed—is important to proper development. Identify and describe two processes that establish the proper dosage of certain genes.
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Another way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes?
A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte
B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo
C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryo
Early development depends on the temporal and spatial interplay between maternally supplied material and mRNA and the onset of zygotic gene expression. Maternally encoded mRNAs must be produced, positioned, and degraded [Surdej and Jacobs-Lorena (1998). Mol. Cell Biol. 18:2892–2900]. For example, transcription of the bicoid gene that determines anterior– posterior polarity in Drosophila is maternal. The mRNA is synthesized in the ovary by nurse cells and then transported to the oocyte, where it localizes to the anterior ends of oocytes. After egg deposition, bicoid mRNA is translated and unstable bicoid protein forms a decreasing concentration gradient from the anterior end of the embryo. At the start of gastrulation, bicoid mRNA has been degraded. Consider two models to explain the degradation of bicoid mRNA: (1) degradation may result from signals within the mRNA (intrinsic model), or (2) degradation may result from the mRNA’s position within the egg (extrinsic model).…
Explain how DNA methylation could be used to regulate gene expression in a tissue-specific way. When and where would de novo methylation occur, and when would demethylation occur? What would occur in the cells that give rise to eggs and sperm?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Campbell Biology Plus Masteringbiology
Ch. 15.1 - Which one of Mendel's laws describes the...Ch. 15.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Review the description of...Ch. 15.1 - WHAT IF? Propose a possible reason that the first...Ch. 15.2 - A white-eyed female Drosophila is mated with a...Ch. 15.2 - Neither Tim nor Rhoda has Duchenne muscular...Ch. 15.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Consider what you learned about...Ch. 15.3 - When two genes are located on the same chromosome,...Ch. 15.3 - VISUAL SKILLS For each type of offspring of the...Ch. 15.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 15.4 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 15.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 15.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 15.5 - Gene dosagethe number of copies of a gene that are...Ch. 15.5 - Reciprocal crosses between two primrose varieties,...Ch. 15.5 - WHAT IF? Mitochondrial genes are critical to the...Ch. 15 - What characteristic of the sex chromosomes allowed...Ch. 15 - Why are males affected by X-Iinked disorders much...Ch. 15 - Why are specific alleles of two distant genes more...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.4CRCh. 15 - Explain how genomic imprinting and inheritance of...Ch. 15 - A man with hemophilia (a recessive, sex-linked...Ch. 15 - Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is an...Ch. 15 - A wild-type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body...Ch. 15 - A planet is inhabited by creatures that reproduce...Ch. 15 - Using the information from problem 4, scientists...Ch. 15 - A wild-type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body...Ch. 15 - Assume that genes, A and B are on the same...Ch. 15 - Two genes of a flower, one Controlling blue (B)...Ch. 15 - You design Drosophila crosses to provide...Ch. 15 - Banana plants, which are triploid, are seedless...Ch. 15 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Crossing over is thought to...Ch. 15 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT Assume you are mapping...Ch. 15 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INFORMATION The continuity of...Ch. 15 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Butter flies have an X-Y...
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- Explain how epigenetic modifications are involved in developmentalchanges that lead to the formation of specific cell types.arrow_forwardExplain how the same gen can be highly expressed in several distinct tissues (e.g. brain, liver, and lung) of an organism, yet silent in all other tissues. Hint: The answer is not that they share the same tissue-specific transcription factors..arrow_forwardDiscuss the similarities and differences of phenotypic variations that are caused by epigenetic gene regulation versus variation in gene sequences (epigenetics versus genetics).arrow_forward
- Briefly explain how gene expression occurs at the molecular level.arrow_forwardGive at least 3 examples each of internal and external factors that affect penetrance and expressivity. Explain briefly how each factor affects gene expression.arrow_forwardHow would you explain gene expression? How is it that a particular genotype is actually expressed as a phenotype? I am looking for details here, including an explanation of the molecular mechanisms involved.arrow_forward
- Identify the mechanisms of transcriptional,posttranscriptional, and translational control of geneexpression.arrow_forwardexplain which controls over gene expression are likely to be very brief, which may be long lasting, and why they differ?arrow_forwardIn mice, the A allele causes agouti fur, the AY allele causes yellow fur and is dominant to the A allele. The homozygous AY AY genotype is lethal. Why is the AYAY homozygous condition lethal? The yellow pigment produced by A allele is required for survival. The AY allele lacks an upstream merc gene which is required for normal embryonic development. The AY allele highly transcribes the merc gene which is lethal in a homozygous AYAY individual. The AY allele contains a null mutation in the A gene, which is required for normal embryonic development. None of the other answers are correct.arrow_forward
- In mice, the A allele causes agouti fur, the AY allele causes yellow fur and is dominant to the A allele. The homozygous AY AY genotype is lethal. Why is the AYAY homozygous condition lethal? The AY allele lacks an upstream merc gene which is required for normal embryonic development. The AY allele contains a null mutation in the A gene, which is required for normal embryonic development. The yellow pigment produced by A allele is required for survival. The AY allele highly transcribes the merc gene which is lethal in a homozygous AYAY individual. None of the other answers are correct.arrow_forwardDiscuss the morphological differences between the parasegments and segments of Drosophila. Discuss the evidence, providing specific examples, that suggests the parasegments of the embryo are the subdivisions for the organization of gene expression.arrow_forwardSarah has always lived what many consider an active and healthy lifestyle. She makes a conscious effort to eat well and exercise daily, never smoked, and drinks moderately. Many of Sarah's female relatives (including her mother and grandmother) have had breast cancer. Sarah has decided to have her genome sequenced. She is specifically interested in whether she shows mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that are linked to breast cancer. What information can be drawn from the sequence data Sarah will receive? Justify your answer. • Sarah will know if she will develop breast cancer. • Sarah will know if and when she will develop breast cancer. • Sarah will know the severity of her breast cancer based on the number of mutations; that is, the more mutations in those genes, the greater the severity of the disease. • Sarah will know whether she is predisposed to breast cancer. • Sarah will know that she will not develop breast cancer if there are no mutations in those genes.arrow_forward
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