Alcohol Dependence To determine if topiramate is a safe and effective treatment for alcohol dependence, researchers conducted a 14-week trial of 371 men and women aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with alcohol dependence. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled experiment, subjects were randomly given either 300 milligrams (mg) of topiramate (183 subjects) or a placebo (188 subjects) daily, along with a weekly compliance enhancement intervention. The variable used to determine the effectiveness of the treatment was self-reported percentage of heavy drinking days. Results indicated that topiramate was more effective than placebo at reducing the percentage of heavy drinking days. The researchers concluded that topiramate is a promising treatment for alcohol dependence.
Source: Bankole A. Johnson, Norman Rosenthal, et al. “Topiramate for Treating Alcohol Dependence: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(14): 1641–1651, 2007
- a. What does it mean for the experiment to be placebo-controlled?
- b. What does it mean for the experiment to be double-blind? Why do you think it is necessary for the experiment to be double-blind?
- c. What does it mean for the experiment to be randomized?
- d. What is the population for which this study applies? What is the sample?
- e. What are the treatments?
- f. What is the response variable?
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- Population Genetics In the study of population genetics, an important measure of inbreeding is the proportion of homozygous genotypesthat is, instances in which the two alleles carried at a particular site on an individuals chromosomes are both the same. For population in which blood-related individual mate, them is a higher than expected frequency of homozygous individuals. Examples of such populations include endangered or rare species, selectively bred breeds, and isolated populations. in general. the frequency of homozygous children from mating of blood-related parents is greater than that for children from unrelated parents Measured over a large number of generations, the proportion of heterozygous genotypesthat is, nonhomozygous genotypeschanges by a constant factor 1 from generation to generation. The factor 1 is a number between 0 and 1. If 1=0.75, for example then the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 25 in each generation In this case, after 10 generations, the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 94.37, since 0.7510=0.0563, or 5.63. In other words, 94.37 of the population is homozygous. For specific types of matings, the proportion of heterozygous genotypes can be related to that of previous generations and is found from an equation. For mating between siblings 1 can be determined as the largest value of for which 2=12+14. This equation comes from carefully accounting for the genotypes for the present generation the 2 term in terms of those previous two generations represented by for the parents generation and by the constant term of the grandparents generation. a Find both solutions to the quadratic equation above and identify which is 1 use a horizontal span of 1 to 1 in this exercise and the following exercise. b After 5 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous? c After 20 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous?arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between events and outcomes? Give an example of both using the sample space of tossing a coin 50 times.arrow_forward
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