Chapter 16.5, Problem 9ATS

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To match the compounds that gives signal at $\text{2}\text{.0ppm}$.

Concept Introduction:

Chemical shift: The frequency of the proton signal in the spectrum with reference to the standard compound which may be TMS (Tetramethylsilane) shows signal at $\text{0 ppm}$ (parts per million).

$\text{Chemical}\text{shift}\text{=}\frac{\text{signal}\text{frequency-}\text{reference}\text{frequency}}{\text{frequency}\text{of}\text{spectrometer}}\left({\text{10}}^{\text{6}}\right)$

Bench mark values: The chemical shift values to remember for the protons below

Methyl	$\text{0}\text{.9}$ (chemical shift)
Methylene	$\text{1}\text{.2}$ (chemical shift)
Methine	$\text{1}\text{.7}$ (chemical shift)

Inductive effect: The presence of functional groups at the alpha position has impact on the protons.

FUNCTIONAL GROUP	EFFECT ON THE ALPHA PROTONS	EFFECT ON THE BETA PROTONS
Oxygen of an alcohol or ether	$\text{+2}\text{.5}$	$\text{+0}\text{.5}$
Oxygen of ester	$\text{+3}\text{.0}$	$\text{+0}\text{.6}$
Carbonyl groups	$\text{+1}\text{.0}$	$\text{+0}\text{.2}$