Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 18, Problem 14TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
The evolution of heat stable DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) polymerase enzyme to form stronger or weaker chemical attractions with each other.
Introduction:
DNA polymerase enzymes are used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for replication and elongation of DNA sequences. They bind to the single DNA strand and synthesize two identical strands. It is widely used in PCR analysis for the amplification of particular DNA fragments. They are heat-stable and are synthesized from thermophilic bacteria.
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GENETICS
The modified "dye terminator method for DNA sequencing represented a major improvement over Sanger's original method because ( among other things) it does NOT require
a) a DNA primer
b) DNA polymerase
c) the use of four separate sequencing reactions for each template
d) the use of electrophoresis to separate DNA chains based on size
e) the used chemically modified dNTPs
f) all of the above
Suppose you had a method of cutting DNA at specific sequences of nucleotides. how many nucleotides long (on average) would such a sequence have to be in order to make just one cut in a bacterial genome of 3 × 106 nucleotide pairs?
Refer to Figure 2 and compare this with the DNA model in Figure 1.
a. In what ways are they similar?
b. In what ways are they different?
c. What is the biological significance of such differences? Why is the DNA referred to as the genetic material?
Chapter 18 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
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- Which of the following is not one of the ways that Avery’s transforming principle resembles DNA?a. It migrates like DNA in a centrifuge.b. It is not destroyed by DNA-digesting enzymes.c. It migrates like DNA in an electric field.d. It is not destroyed by protein-digesting enzymes.arrow_forwardIn next-generation sequencing, which of these advances allows for massively parallel sequencing? a. Pieces of DNA are fixed to a surface, so we can tell which new nucleotides were added to each piece. b. DNA sequences are read in real-time as nucleotides are added to each piece. c. Each segment of the genome can be pieced back together through shotgun alignment d. Single molecules of DNA can be read without the need for amplification.arrow_forwardPlease answer the following question and explain Q1. If MacLeod and McCarty had accidentally contaminated their RNase enzyme with DNase, how would this have changed the conclusion that they made from their experiments? Pick the correct letter option A. They would have concluded that DNA is the only molecule required for genetic transformation. B. They would have concluded that DNA and protein are both required for genetic transformation. C. They would have concluded that RNA is the only molecule required for genetic transformation. D. They would have concluded that RNA and DNA are both required for genetic transformation. E. They would have concluded that proteins are the only molecules required for genetic transformationarrow_forward
- If Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty had found that samples of heat-killed bacteria treated with RNase and DNase transformed bacteria, but that samples treated with protease did not, what conclusion would they have drawn? a. Protease carries out transformation. b. RNA and DNA are the genetic materials. c. Protein is the genetic material. d. RNase and DNAse are necessary for transformationarrow_forwardSuppose you are a research assistant in a lab studying dna-binding proteins. you have been given the amino acid sequences of all the proteins encoded by the genome of a certain species and have been asked to find candidate proteins that could bind dna. what type of amino acids would you expect to see in the dna-binding regions of such proteins?arrow_forwardGenome comparisons have suggested that mouse DNA has mutated about twice as fast as human DNA. What is a possible explanation for this discrepancy? a. Mice are much smaller than humans. b. Mice live in much less sanitary conditions than humans and are therefore exposed to a wider range of mutation-causing substances. c. Mice have a smaller genome size. d. Mice have a much shorter generation time.arrow_forward
- Suppose you have been directed to find new enzymes to use in the breakdown of wood in order to process biofuel (switchgrass, for example). Suppose you wanted to use fungal or bacterial DNA from the environment in order to do so. DNA can be unwound from the double stranded double helix into single strands, amplified, separated on gels by size, stained with dyes. It can be mutated by a variety of means. It can be sequenced. Describe one or more of the ways that you might manipulate DNA towards the stated goal. Relate the technology you plan to utilize to the structure of DNA. (You can break this into multiple posts, as multiple procedures might be used).arrow_forwardA researcher is performing PCR to amplify a sample of DNA. Unfortunately, he forgot to add the DNA primer prior to starting the experiment. Which of the following results is he most likely to observe? a. The reaction will work, but at a significantly slower rate. b. The reaction will work, but the product will contain many undesired mutations. c. The reaction will work, but amplify a region that was not his target. d. The reaction will be completely unsuccessfuarrow_forwardHumans have engaged in genetic manipulation for millennia, producing plant and animal varieties through selective breeding and hybridization that significantly modify genomes of organisms. Why do you think modern genetic engineering, which often entails introducing or modifying only one or a few genes, has met with so much opposition? Should some forms of genetic engineering be of greater concern than others? Explain.arrow_forward
- DNA sequencing technology has been around since the late 1970s. Why didsequencing whole genomes present a challenge?arrow_forwardWhich of the following regions of a genome would be most likely to be a SINGLE CRE? A. A section of DNA that is 10 base pairs long B. A section of DNA that is 50 base pairs long C. A section of DNA that is 200 base pairs long D. A section of DNA that is 1500 base pairs longarrow_forwardIn Avery et al.’s experiments, they used a general proteinase that can break down many types of protein, rather than a protein-degrading enzyme that broke down only one type of protein. Why was this still not sufficient to show that protein was not the genetic material?arrow_forward
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