Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.
Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.
(b)
Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.
Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.
(c)
Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.
Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.
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Chapter 18 Solutions
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- Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid and 4-hydroxycyclohexanone have the same formula (C6H10O2), and both contain an —OH and a C=O group. How could you distinguish between them using IR spectroscopy?arrow_forwardWhat species is the conjugated base of HPO42-?arrow_forwardDraw and name the seven aldehydes and ketones with the formula C5H10O. Which are chiral?arrow_forward
- Lithium propanoate is the conjugate base of __________. CH3CH2CO2H (CH3)2CH2CH2CO2H CH3CO2H CH3CH2CH2CO2Harrow_forwardExplain this statement: Although 2-methoxyacetic acid (CH3OCH2COOH) is a stronger acid than acetic acid (CH3COOH), p-methoxybenzoic acid (CH3OC6H4COOH) is a weaker acid than benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).arrow_forwardExplain this statement: Although 2-methoxyacetic acid (CH3OCH2COOH)is a stronger acid than acetic acid (CH3COOH), p-methoxybenzoic acid(CH3OC6H4COOH) is a weaker acid than benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).arrow_forward
- dentify the conjugate base in the reaction of propanoic acid CH3CH3COOH reacting with methyl amine, CH3NH2. a. CH3NH2 b. CH3CH3COOH c. CH3NH3+ d. OH-1 e. CH3CH3COO-1arrow_forwardChoose the one has the highest priority, and the one has the lowest. (Please show why) -CHO -COOH -COCH3 -CONH2arrow_forwardDefine why are protons on an alpha carbon of an aldehyde or ketone more acidic than a proton on an alpha carbon of an ester? What are their pKa's?arrow_forward
- Which of the following functional groups will increase acidity? I. -NO2 II. -CH2CH3 III. -OCH3 IV. - Clarrow_forward9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acidarrow_forwardDraw and name compounds that meet the following descriptions: (a) Three acid chlorides having the formula C6H9ClO (b) Three amides having the formula C7H11NOarrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning