CHEMISTRY-MASTERINGCHEMISTRY W/ETEXT
CHEMISTRY-MASTERINGCHEMISTRY W/ETEXT
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780135204634
Author: Robinson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 18, Problem 18.87SP
Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔGfusion for NaCl at 1050 K is to be calculated. Also whether sodium chloride melts at 1050 K or not should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

Second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

The relationship between ΔH and ΔS is as follows:

ΔG=ΔHTΔS

Where,

  • ΔG is free energy change.
  • ΔH is enthalpy change.
  • T is temperature.
  • ΔS is change in entropy.

The entropy criteria for spontaneous change at constant T and P can also be stated with respect to free energy change as follows:

(1) When ΔG<0, reaction is a spontaneous.

(2) When ΔG>0, reaction is nonspontaneous.

(3) When ΔG=0, reaction is at equilibrium.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔGfusion for NaCl at 1074 K is to be calculated. Also whether sodium chloride melts at 1074 K or not should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

Second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

The relationship between ΔH and ΔS is as follows:

ΔG=ΔHTΔS

Where,

  • ΔG is free energy change.
  • ΔH is enthalpy change.
  • T is temperature.
  • ΔS is change in entropy.

The entropy criteria for spontaneous change at constant T and P can also be stated with respect to free energy change as follows:

(1) When ΔG<0, reaction is spontaneous.

(2) When ΔG>0, reaction is nonspontaneous.

(3) When ΔG=0, reaction is at equilibrium.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔGfusion for NaCl at 100 K is to be calculated. Also whether sodium chloride melts at 100 K or not should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The relation of total entropy is as follows:

ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings

Second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.

The relationship between ΔH and ΔS is as follows:

ΔG=ΔHTΔS

Where,

  • ΔG is free energy change.
  • ΔH is enthalpy change.
  • T is temperature.
  • ΔS is change in entropy.

The entropy criteria for spontaneous change at constant T and P can also be stated with respect to free energy change as follows:

(1) When ΔG<0, reaction is a spontaneous.

(2) When ΔG>0, reaction is nonspontaneous.

(3) When ΔG=0, reaction is at equilibrium.

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Chapter 18 Solutions

CHEMISTRY-MASTERINGCHEMISTRY W/ETEXT

Ch. 18 - Consider the thermal decomposition of calcium...Ch. 18 - Consider the following endothermic decomposition...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.13PCh. 18 - (a) Using values of Gof in Table 18.3, calculate...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.15PCh. 18 - Consider the following gas-phase reaction of A2...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.17PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.18ACh. 18 - Prob. 18.19PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.20ACh. 18 - Two complementary strands of DNA arey placed in...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.22PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.23PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.24PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.25PCh. 18 - 17.28 Consider the gas-phase reaction of AB3 and...Ch. 18 - 17.29 Ideal gases A (red spheres) and B (blue...Ch. 18 - What are the signs (+, —, or 0) of H, S, and G...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.29CPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.30CPCh. 18 - 17.33 Consider the following spontaneous reaction...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.32CPCh. 18 - Consider again the dissociation reaction A2g 2...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.34CPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.35CPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.36CPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.37CPCh. 18 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.39SPCh. 18 - Assuming that gaseous reactants and products are...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.41SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.42SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.43SPCh. 18 - 17.46 Predict the sign of the entropy change in...Ch. 18 - Predict the sign of S in the system for each of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.46SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.47SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.48SPCh. 18 - Consider a disordered crystal of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.50SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.51SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.52SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.53SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.54SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.55SPCh. 18 - Which state in each of the following pairs has the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.57SPCh. 18 - What is the entropy change when the volume of 1.6...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.59SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.60SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.61SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.62SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.63SPCh. 18 - Use the standard molar entropies in Appendix B to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.65SPCh. 18 - Use the standard molar entropies in Appendix B to...Ch. 18 - Use the So values in Appendix B to calculate So at...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.68SPCh. 18 - An isolated system is one that exchanges neither...Ch. 18 - Give an equation that relates the entropy change...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.71SPCh. 18 - Reduction of mercury (II) oxide with zinc gives...Ch. 18 - Elemtal sulfur is formed by the reaction of zinc...Ch. 18 - In lightning storms, oxygen is converted to ozone:...Ch. 18 - Sulfur dioxide emitted from coal-fired power...Ch. 18 - Elemental mercury can be produced from its oxide:...Ch. 18 - Phosphorus pentachloride forms from phosphorus...Ch. 18 - For the vaporizatio of benzene, Hvap=30.7kJ/mol...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.79SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.80SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.81SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.82SPCh. 18 - Which of the following reactions will be...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.84SPCh. 18 - Consider a twofold expansion of 1 mol of an ideal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.86SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.87SPCh. 18 - Calculate the melting point of benzoic acid...Ch. 18 - Calculate the enthalpy of fusion of naphthalene...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.90SPCh. 18 - Chloroform (CHCI3) has a normal boiling point of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.92SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.93SPCh. 18 - Use the data in Appendix B to calculate Ho and So...Ch. 18 - Use the data in Appendix B to calculate Ho and So...Ch. 18 - Use the standard free energies of formation in...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.97SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.98SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.99SPCh. 18 - Use the values of in Appendix B to calculate the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.101SPCh. 18 - Ethanol is manufactured in indsutry by the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.103SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.104SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.105SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.106SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.107SPCh. 18 - Use the data in Appendix B to calculate .G for the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.109SPCh. 18 - Sulfuric acid is produced in larger amounts by...Ch. 18 - Urea (NH2CONH2) , an important nitrogen...Ch. 18 - What is the relationship between the standard...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.113SPCh. 18 - Given values of Gof at 25 °C for liquid ethanol...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.115SPCh. 18 - If Gof for gaseous bromine is 3.14 kJ/mol at 25oC,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.117SPCh. 18 - Ethylene oxide, C2H4O, is used to make antifreeze...Ch. 18 - The first step in the commerical producton of...Ch. 18 - Ammonium nitrate is dangerous because it...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.121SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.122SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.123SPCh. 18 - Consider the Haber synthesis of gaseous...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.125SPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.126MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.127MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.128MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.129MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.130MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.131MPCh. 18 - A humiditysensor consists of a cardboard square...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.133MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.134MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.135MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.136MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.137MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.138MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.139MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.140MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.141MPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.142MP
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