Problem 1PE: Molecules of an ideal gas have no intermolecular attractions and, therefore, undergo no change in... Problem 2PE: If a gas is compressed under adiabatic conditions (allowing no transfer of heat to or from the... Problem 3PE: Calculate the difference, in kilojoules, between EandH for the following exothermic reaction at 45C.... Problem 4PE: The reaction CaO(s)+2HCl(g)CaCl2(s)+H2O(g) has H=217.1kJ. Calculate E for this reaction. What is the... Problem 5PE: Are the following processes spontaneous? (a) Ice cream melting on a hot day (b) Silver chloride... Problem 6PE: The following processes are nor spontaneous as written, what can be done to make them spontaneous... Problem 7PE: Would you expect the to be positive or negative for the following:
(Hint: How is the freedom of... Problem 8PE: Predict the sign of the entropy change for (a) the condensation of steam to liquid water and (b) the... Problem 9PE: Predict the sing of S for the following reactions: (a) 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) (b) 2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(l)... Problem 10PE: Would you expect the following reactions to be spontaneous?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(Hint: Remember how... Problem 11PE: What change in temperature would make the process spontaneous? (a) H2O(l)H2O(g) (b)... Problem 12PE: Calculate SfforNH3(g). (Hint: Write the equation for the reaction; see Section 6.8.) Problem 13PE: Calculate the standard entropy change, S,inJK-1 for the following reactions: (a)... Problem 14PE Problem 15PE: Use the data in Table 6.2 and Table 18.1 to calculate for the formation of iron(III) oxide (the... Problem 16PE: Calculate for the reaction of iron(III) oxide with carbon monoxide to give elemental iron and... Problem 17PE: Calculate Greaction in kilojoules for the following reactions using the data in Table 18.2. (a)... Problem 18PE: Calculate the maximum work that could be obtained from the combustion of 125 g of ethanol,... Problem 19PE: Calculate the maximum work that could be obtained at and 1 atm from the oxidation of 1.00 mol of... Problem 20PE: The heat of vaporization of ammonia is and the boiling point of ammonia is . Estimate the entropy... Problem 21PE: The heat of vaporization of mercury is 60.7 kJ/mol. For... Problem 22PE: Use the data in Table 18.2 to determine whether the reaction SO2(g)+12O2(g)SO3(g) Problem 23PE: Use the data in Table 18.2 to determine whether we should expect to see the formation of CaCO5(s) in... Problem 24PE: In Examples 18.3 and 18.4 we computed SandH for the reaction CO(NH2)2(aq)+H2O(l)CO2(g)+2NH3(g) What... Problem 25PE: Use the data in Table 18.2 to determine for the reaction
Then calculate the approximate value for... Problem 26PE: Calculate for the reaction described in the preceding example if the partial pressure of is 0.260... Problem 27PE: In which direction will the reaction described in Example 18.10 proceed to reach equilibrium if the... Problem 28PE: The reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)hasKp=6.9105at25.0C. Calculate G for this reaction in units of... Problem 29PE: The reaction H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g)hasG=+3.3kJmol-1at25.0C. What is the value of Kp at this temperature? Problem 30PE: Determine the heat of formation of gaseous 1-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) and 2-bromobutane... Problem 31PE: Determine the heat of formation of gaseous cyclohexane, C6H12. Cyclohexane is a six- member carbon... Problem 1RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics
18.1 What is the origin of the name thermodynamics?
Problem 2RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics
18.2 State the first law of thermodynamics in your own words. What... Problem 3RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics
18.3 How is a change in the internal energy defined in terms of the... Problem 4RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics
18.4 What is the algebraic sign of for an endothermic change? Why?
Problem 5RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics Which quantities in the statement of the first law are state functions... Problem 6RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics Which thermodynamic quantity corresponds to the heat at constant volume?... Problem 7RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.7 What are the units of if pressure is expressed in pascals and... Problem 8RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics If there is a decrease in the number of moles of gas during an... Problem 9RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics Which of the following changes is accompanied by the most negative value... Problem 10RQ: Spontaneous Change What is a spontaneous change? What role does kinetics play in determining the... Problem 11RQ: Spontaneous Change List five changes that you have encountered recently that occurred spontaneously.... Problem 12RQ: Spontaneous Change
18.12 Which of the items that you listed in Question 18.11 are exothermic... Problem 13RQ: Spontaneous Change At constant pressure, what role does the enthalpy change play in determining the... Problem 14RQ: Spontaneous Change How do the probabilities of the initial and final a process affect the... Problem 15RQ: Entropy An instant cold pack purchased in a pharmacy contains a packet of solid ammonium nitrate... Problem 16RQ: Entropy What is entropy? Problem 17RQ: Entropy How is the entropy of a substance affected by (a) an increase in temperature, (b) a decrease... Problem 18RQ: Entropy
18.18 Will the entropy change for each of the following be positive or negative?
(a)... Problem 19RQ: Entropy On the basis of our definition of entropy, suggest why entropy is a state function. Problem 20RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics State the second law of thermodynamics. Problem 21RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics How can a process have a negative entropy change for the system, and... Problem 22RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics Explain the terms Suniverse, Suniverse and Ssurroundins, and how they... Problem 23RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics Explain how the entropy of the surroundings of a reaction is related to... Problem 24RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.24 What is the driving force for a reaction that is endothermic?
Problem 25RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics Define Gibbs free energy in your own words. Problem 26RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.26 In terms of the algebraic signs of and , under which of the... Problem 27RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics Under what circumstances will a change be nonspontaneous regardless of... Problem 28RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics State the third law of thermodynamics in your own words. Problem 29RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics Explain why the units for entropy have a dependence on temperaturefor... Problem 30RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics Explain why the values of H for elements in their standard state are... Problem 31RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics Would you expect the entropy of an alloy (a solution of two metals) to... Problem 32RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics Why does entropy increase with increasing temperature Problem 33RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics Does glass have S = 0 at 0 K? Explain. Problem 34RQ: Standard Free Energy Change, G What is the equation expressing the change in the Gibbs free energy... Problem 35RQ: Standard Free Energy Change, G Why can G be calculated at different temperatures using HandS at... Problem 36RQ: Maximum Work and G How is free energy related to useful work? Problem 37RQ: Maximum Work and
18.37 What is a thermodynamically reversible process? How is the amount of work... Problem 38RQ: Maximum Work and G How is the rate at which energy is withdrawn from a system related to the amount... Problem 39RQ: Maximum Work and
18.39 When glucose is oxidized by the body to generate energy, part of the energy... Problem 40RQ: Maximum Work and G Why are real, observable changes not considered to be thermodynamically... Problem 41RQ: Free Energy and Equilibrium
18.41 In what way is free energy related to equilibrium ?
Problem 42RQ: Free Energy and Equilibrium How can boiling points or melting points be estimated from the SandH... Problem 43RQ: Free Energy and Equilibrium Considering the fact that the formation of a bond between two atoms is... Problem 44RQ: Free Energy and Equilibrium When a warm object is placed in contact with a cold one, they both... Problem 45RQ: Free Energy and Equilibrium Sketch the shape of the free energy curve for a chemical reaction that... Problem 46RQ: Free Energy and Equilibrium Many reactions that have large, negative values of G are not actually... Problem 47RQ: Equilibrium Constants and
18.47 Suppose a reaction has a negative and a negative . Will more or... Problem 48RQ: Equilibrium Constants and G Write the equation that relates the free energy change to the value of... Problem 49RQ: Equilibrium Constants and G How is the equilibrium constant related to the standard free energy... Problem 50RQ: Equilibrium Constants and
18.50 What is the value of for a reaction for which K = 1 ?
Problem 51RQ: Equilibrium Constants and
18.51 How does the thermodynamic equilibrium constant differ from an... Problem 52RQ: Bond Energies Define the term atomization enerey. Problem 53RQ: Bond Energies Why are the heats of formation of gaseous atoms from their elements endothermic... Problem 54RQ: Bond Energies The gaseous C2 molecule has a bond energy of 602kJmol-1. Why isnt the standard heat of... Problem 55RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics
18.55 A certain system absorbs 0.300 kJ of heat and has 0.700 kJ of work... Problem 56RQ: First Law of Thermodynamics The value of E for a certain change is 1455 J. During the change, the... Problem 57RQ: 18.57 Suppose that you were pumping an automobile tire with a hand pump that pushed of air into the... Problem 58RQ: 18.58 Consider the reaction between aqueous solutions of baking soda, , and vinegar, .
If this... Problem 59RQ: Calculate H and E for the following reactions at 25C. (If necessary, refer to the data in Table C.2... Problem 60RQ: Calculate H and E for the following reactions at 25C. (If necessary, refer to the data in Table C.2... Problem 61RQ: The reaction 2N2O(g)2N2(g)+O2(g) has H=-163.14kJ. What is the value of E for the decomposition of... Problem 62RQ: 18.62 A 10.0 L vessel at contains butane, , at a pressure of 2.00 atm. What is the maximum amount... Problem 63RQ: Spontaneous Change Predict the sign of S for the following reactions.... Problem 64RQ: Spontaneous Change
18.64 Predict the sign of for the following reactions.
Problem 65RQ: 18.65 Use the data from Table 6.2 to calculate for the following reactions. On the basis of their... Problem 66RQ: Use the data from Table 6.2 to calculate H for the following reactions. On the basis of their values... Problem 67RQ: Entropy There are two chemical systems, A and B, each with two particles that have a total energy of... Problem 68RQ: Entropy
18.68 A chemical system has three panicles that can have energies of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 J.... Problem 69RQ: Which system has a higher entropy? Explain your reasoning. Problem 70RQ: Which system has a higher entropy? Problem 71RQ: What factors must you consider to determine the sign of S for the reaction 2N2O(g)2N2(g)+O2(g) if it... Problem 72RQ: 18.72 What factors must you consider to determine the sign of for the reaction: ?
Problem 73RQ: 18.73 Predict the algebraic sign of the entropy change for the following reactions.
Problem 74RQ: 18.74 Predict the algebraic sign of the entropy change for the following reactions.
Problem 75RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics Under what conditions will the reaction be spontaneous?... Problem 76RQ: Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.76 Under what conditions will the reaction be spontaneous?
Problem 77RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics Calculate S for the following reactions in J K-1 from the data in Table... Problem 78RQ: Third Law of Thermodynamics
18.78 Calculate for the following reactions in , using the date in... Problem 79RQ: Calculate Sfo for these compounds in J mol-1K-1. (a) C2H4(g) (b) HC2H3O2(l) (c) CaSO42H2O(s) Problem 80RQ: Calculate Sfo for these compounds in J mol-1K-1. (a) Al2O3(s) (b) CaSO412H2O(s) (c) NH4Cl(s) Problem 81RQ: Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, an air pollutant, dissolves in rainwater to form a dilute solution of nitric... Problem 82RQ: Good wine will turn to vinegar if it is left exposed to air, because the alcohol is oxidized to... Problem 83RQ: Standard Free Energy Change, G Phosgene, COCl2, was used as a war gas during World War I. It reacts... Problem 84RQ: Standard Free Energy Change, G Aluminum oxidizes rather easily, but forms a thin protective coating... Problem 85RQ: 18.85 Compute in kJ for the following reactions, using the data in Table 18.2.
Problem 86RQ Problem 87RQ: Given the following, 4NO(g)2N2O(g)+O2(g)G=-139.56kJ2NO(g)+O2(g)2NO2(g)G=-69.70kJ Calculate G for the... Problem 88RQ: *18.88 Given the following reactions and their values,
calculate the value of for the reaction
Problem 89RQ: Maximum Work and G Gasohol is a mixture of gasoline and ethanol (grain alcohol), C2H5OH. Calculate... Problem 90RQ: Maximum Work and
18.90 What is the maximum amount of useful work that could possibly be obtained at... Problem 91RQ: Free Energy and Equilibrium
18.91 Chloroform, formerly used as an anesthetic and now believed to be... Problem 92RQ: For the melting of aluminum, Al(s)Al(l),H=10.0kJmol-1,andS=9.50Jmol-1K-1. Calculate the melting... Problem 93RQ: Isooctane, a minor constituent of gasoline, has a boiling point of 99.3C and a heat of vaporization... Problem 94RQ: Acetone (nail polish remover) has a boiling point of 56.2C. The change,... Problem 95RQ: 18.95 Determine whether the following reaction (equation unbalanced) will be spontaneous at . (Do we... Problem 96RQ: Which of the following reactions (equations unbalanced) would be expected to be spontaneous at 25C... Problem 97RQ: Equilibrium Constants and G Calculate the value of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the... Problem 98RQ: Equilibrium Constants and
18.98 Calculate the value of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for... Problem 99RQ: 18.99 The reaction . A 1.00 L reaction vessel at contains 0.0200 mol , 0.040 mol NO, 0.015 mol ,... Problem 100RQ: The reaction CO(g)+H2O(g)HCHO2(g)hasG675o=+79.8kJmol-1. If a mixture at 673 K contains 0.040 mol CO,... Problem 101RQ: A reaction that can convert coal to methane (the chief component of natural gas) is... Problem 102RQ: 18.102 One of the important reactions in living cells from which the organism draws energy is the... Problem 103RQ: What is the value of the equilibrium constant for a reaction for which G=0? What will happen to the... Problem 104RQ: Methanol, a potential replacement for gasoline as an automotive fuel, can be made from H2 and CO by... Problem 105RQ: Bond Energies
18.105 Use the data in Table 18.4 to compute the approximate atomization energy of .
Problem 106RQ: 18.106 Approximately how much energy would be released during the formation of the bonds in one mole... Problem 107RQ: 18.107 The standard heat of formation of ethanol vapor, . Use the data in Table 18.3 and the average... Problem 108RQ: The standard heat of formation of ethylene, C2H4(g) is +52.284kJmol-1. Calculate the C=C bond energy... Problem 109RQ: Carbon disulfide, CS2, has the Lewis structure , and for CS2(g),Hf=+115.3kJmol-1. Use the data in... Problem 110RQ: Gaseous hydrogen sulfide, H2S,hasHf=20.15kJmol-1. Use the data in Table 18.3 to calculate the... Problem 111RQ: 18.111 For . Use the data in Table 18.3 to calculate the average S — F bond energy in .
Problem 112RQ: 18.112 Use the results of the preceding problem and the data in Table C.3 of Appendix C to calculate... Problem 113RQ: Use the data in Tables 18.3 and 18.4 to estimate the standard heat of formation of acetylene, HCCH,... Problem 114RQ: What would be the approximate heat of formation of CCl4 vapor at 25C and 1 atm? Problem 115RQ: *18.115 Which substance should have the more exothermic heat of formation,
Problem 116RQ: Would you expect the value of Hf for benzene, C6H6, computed from tabulated bond energies, to be... Problem 117RQ: 18.117 Look at Table C.2 in Appendix C. Some of the ions when dissolved in water have entropies that... Problem 118RQ: Calculate the G for the dissolution of calcium chloride and calcium carbonate. Using your values,... Problem 119RQ: 18.119 If pressure is expressed in atmospheres and volume is expressed in liters, has units of L... Problem 120RQ: 18.120 Calculate the work, in joules, done by a gas as it expands at constant temperature from a... Problem 121RQ: When an ideal gas expands at a constant temperature, E=0 for the change. Why? Problem 122RQ: When a real gas expands at a constant temperature, E 0 for the change. Why? Problem 123RQ: 18.123 An ideal gas in a cylinder fitted with a piston expands at constant temperature from a... Problem 124RQ: A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 5.00 L of a gas at a pressure of 4.00 atm. The entire... Problem 125RQ: The experiment described in Exercise 18.124 is repeated, but this time a weight, which exerts a... Problem 126RQ: When potassium iodide dissolves in water, the mixture becomes cool. For this change, which is of a... Problem 127RQ: The enthalpy of combustion Hcombustiono, of oxalic acid, H2C2O4(s),is-246.05kJmol-1. Consider the... Problem 128RQ: Many biochemical reactions have positive values for G and seemingly should not be expected to be... Problem 129RQ: *18.129 The reaction
has . Determine the value of for . Calculate the value of for the reaction at... Problem 130RQ: At 1500C,Kc=5.67 for the reaction CH4(g)+H2O(g)CO(g)+3H2(g) Calculate the value of G1773o for the... Problem 131RQ: 18.131 Given the following reactions and their values of , calculate the value of .
Problem 132RQ: *18.132 At room temperature , the gas ClNO is impure because it decomposes slightly according to the... Problem 133RQ: *18.133 The reaction
has are placed in a 2.00 L container at and this equilibrium is established.... Problem 134RQ: Use the data in Table 18.3 to calculate the bond energy in the nitrogen molecule and the oxygen... Problem 135RQ: 18.135 The heat of vaporization of carbon tetrachloride, , is 29.9 kJ mol-1. Using this information... Problem 136RQ: At 25C, 0.0560molO2and0.020molN2O were placed in a 1.00 L container where the following equilibrium... Problem 137RQ: For the substance SO2F2(g),Hfo=-858kJmol-1. The structure of the SO2F2 molecule is Use the value of... Problem 138RQ: *18.138 Ethyl alcohol, , has been suggested as an alternative to gasoline as a fuel. In Example 18.5... Problem 139RQ: When solutions of sodium hydroxide are used to neutralize hydrochloric acid, the standard heat of... Problem 140RQ Problem 141RQ: A certain weak acid has a pKa of 5.83. When 100.0 mL of a 0.00525 M solution of this weak acid at... Problem 142RQ: The average CH bond energy calculated using the procedure in Section 18.10 is not quite equal to the... Problem 144RQ: 18.144 If a catalyst were able to affect the position of equilibrium in a reaction, it would be... Problem 145RQ: At the beginning of this chapter we noted that the reaction of CO2withH2O to form a hydrocarbon fuel... format_list_bulleted
Physical ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781133958437Author:Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, TomasPublisher:Wadsworth Cengage Learning,
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning