Chapter 18.5, Problem 5CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected product(s) have to be predicted when benzene is treated with following alkyl halides in presence of ${\text{AlCl}}_{\text{3}}$ –

Concept Introduction:

• Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. An electrophile is a species that is deficient of electrons.

• Aromatic compounds agree with Huckel’s rule of aromaticity - cyclic, planar and have $\left(\text{4n+2}\right)\text{π}$ electrons. 

• Benzene and its related compounds undergo aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions since they are Aromatic compound. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

• The carbocation formed in Benzene ring Carbon is known as arenium carbocation. It is also known as sigma complex. It is the intermediate involved in all the aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene and related compounds.  It is stabilized by delocalization of pi electrons which is also known as resonance.

• Friedel Crafts reaction is an electrophilic substitution reaction. This reaction involves $\text{C-C}$ bond formation between benzene Carbon and any other alkyl or aryl or acyl carbon. Thus this reaction is constructive to impart alkyl, aryl or acyl group onto benzene ring. So this reaction is commonly known as Friedel Crafts acylation if acyl group is imparted on benzene ring or Friedel Crafts alkylation if alkyl group is imparted on benzene ring.

• Any of Lewis acids such as ${\text{AlCl}}_{\text{3,}}{\text{FeCl}}_{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{BF}}_{\text{3}}\text{etc}$ is required to initiate the reaction. The Lewis acid act as catalyst assists in the formation of electrophile.  The reaction between Alkyl halide and Lewis acid results in the formation of alkyl ion as electrophile.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected product(s) have to be predicted when benzene is treated with following alkyl halides in presence of ${\text{AlCl}}_{\text{3}}$ –

Concept Introduction:

• Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. An electrophile is a species that is deficient of electrons.

• Aromatic compounds agree with Huckel’s rule of aromaticity - cyclic, planar and have $\left(\text{4n+2}\right)\text{π}$ electrons. 

• Benzene and its related compounds undergo aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions since they are Aromatic compound. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

• The carbocation formed in Benzene ring Carbon is known as arenium carbocation. It is also known as sigma complex. It is the intermediate involved in all the aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene and related compounds.  It is stabilized by delocalization of pi electrons which is also known as resonance.

• Friedel Crafts reaction is an electrophilic substitution reaction. This reaction involves $\text{C-C}$ bond formation between benzene Carbon and any other alkyl or aryl or acyl carbon. Thus this reaction is constructive to impart alkyl, aryl or acyl group onto benzene ring. So this reaction is commonly known as Friedel Crafts acylation if acyl group is imparted on benzene ring or Friedel Crafts alkylation if alkyl group is imparted on benzene ring.

• Any of Lewis acids such as ${\text{AlCl}}_{\text{3,}}{\text{FeCl}}_{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{BF}}_{\text{3}}\text{etc}$ is required to initiate the reaction. The Lewis acid act as catalyst assists in the formation of electrophile.  The reaction between Alkyl halide and Lewis acid results in the formation of alkyl ion as electrophile.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected product(s) have to be predicted when benzene is treated with following alkyl halides in presence of ${\text{AlCl}}_{\text{3}}$ –

Concept Introduction:

• Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. An electrophile is a species that is deficient of electrons.

• Aromatic compounds agree with Huckel’s rule of aromaticity - cyclic, planar and have $\left(\text{4n+2}\right)\text{π}$ electrons. 

• Benzene and its related compounds undergo aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions since they are Aromatic compound. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

• The carbocation formed in Benzene ring Carbon is known as arenium carbocation. It is also known as sigma complex. It is the intermediate involved in all the aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene and related compounds.  It is stabilized by delocalization of pi electrons which is also known as resonance.

• Friedel Crafts reaction is an electrophilic substitution reaction. This reaction involves $\text{C-C}$ bond formation between benzene Carbon and any other alkyl or aryl or acyl carbon. Thus this reaction is constructive to impart alkyl, aryl or acyl group onto benzene ring. So this reaction is commonly known as Friedel Crafts acylation if acyl group is imparted on benzene ring or Friedel Crafts alkylation if alkyl group is imparted on benzene ring.

• Any of Lewis acids such as ${\text{AlCl}}_{\text{3,}}{\text{FeCl}}_{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{BF}}_{\text{3}}\text{etc}$ is required to initiate the reaction. The Lewis acid act as catalyst assists in the formation of electrophile.  The reaction between Alkyl halide and Lewis acid results in the formation of alkyl ion as electrophile.