To determine: The histone H3 modifications that are associated with the activation of the gene.
Introduction: Histone modifications take place at specific amino acids in the N-terminal tail of histones H3, H4, 2A, and 2B.
To determine: The H3 modifications that are associated with repression of gene expression.
Introduction: The sum of the complex patterns and interactions within the histone molecules is known as the histone code.
(a)
To determine: Whether there are any overlaps on the lists of H3 modifications.
Introduction: Over twenty different chemical modifications can be made to histones. The major alterations include the addition of acetyl, phosphate, and methyl groups.
(b)
To determine: Whether the overlaps can be explained by different modifications.
Introduction: Histone modifications are covalent posttranscriptional modifications of amino acids near the N-terminal ends of histone proteins.
(c)
To determine: The other way to explain the overlaps.
Introduction: Amino acids are considered as building blocks of protein. Lysine is an amino acid. The process of formation of proteins from RNA is known as translation.
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EBK CONCEPTS OF GENETICS
- The RB (retinoblastoma) protein normally [ Select] ["keep a transcription factor in an inactive state", "keep a transcription factor in an active state", "keep the CDK in a phosphorylated state", "block the function of the APC"] ...But it can be deactivated by [ Select ] ["ubiquitination", "methylation", "phosphorylation", "the use of a GAP"] .Mutations in Rb can lead to cancer because these mutations [ Select ] ["result in constitutive transcription leading to promotion of the cell cycle", "keep CDKs off", "deactivate p53", "increase the production of growth hormones"] PLEASE SELCET THE CORRECT ONE FOR SECTION ONE . EACH SENTECNE HAVE 4 SECTION TO PICK FROM.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true? Question 9 options: a) Executioner caspases are activated by cleavage. b) Initiator caspases are activated by cleavage. c) Executioner caspases are activated by dimerization. d) Executioner caspases trigger apoptosis but initiator caspases does not.arrow_forwardConsider the mechanism of the enzyme RNase: What would happen to the Km (i.e., would it increase, decrease, or stay the same) if the his12 was mutated to a lysine? Explain. What would happen to the Kcat (i.e., would it increase, decrease, or stay the same) if the his12 was mutated to a valine? Explain.arrow_forward
- A membrane-associated protein kinase has the sequence -GMCLVS at its C-terminus, which has been shown by mutagenesis to be essential for its biological function and sub cellular location.a) What is the most likely post-translational modification that this motif would be susceptible to?b) How is this modification introduced to the protein?c) What is the likely effect of this modification on the behaviour of the protein?d) What other modification to N-terminus of the protein might achieve a similar effect on the behaviour of the protein?arrow_forwardFor each of the following situations, provide a plausible explanation for how it could lead to unrestricted cell division.(a) Colon cancer cells often contain mutations in the gene encoding the prostaglandin E2 receptor. PGE2 is a growth factor required for the division of cells in the gastrointestinal tract.(b) Kaposi sarcoma, a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS, is caused by a virus carrying a gene for a protein similar to the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.(c) Adenovirus, a tumor virus, carries a gene for the protein E1A, which binds to the retinoblastoma protein, pRb. (d) An important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their celltype specificity. For example, mutations in the PGE2 receptor are not typically found in lung tumors. Explain this observation. (Note that PGE2 acts through a GPCR in the plasma membrane.)arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the most likely result of a mutation in the lac operator that prevents release of the depressor protein? Choose 1 answer: (A)The lactose permease protein will be produced, even in the absence of lactose. (B) Transcription of the structural genes will be blocked, even in the presence of lactose. (C) The catabolite activator protein will be bound to the CAP site, even in the presence of glucose. (D) Expression of the lacI gene will be repressed, even in the absence of glucose.arrow_forward
- During transcription, how many RNA nucleotide bases would usually be encoded by a sequence of 99 DNA nucleotide bases? (a) 297 (b) 99 (c) 33 (d) 11 (e) answer is impossible to determine with the information givenarrow_forwardGTP hydrolysis is used multiple times during the course of protein synthesis to advance the process forward, often irreversibly. Provide an example of a GTP-regulated step and its associated GTP binding factor that regulates a step during A) translation initiation, and also B) one that is associated with the translation elongation phase.arrow_forwardThe functioning of enhancers is an example of(A) a eukaryotic equivalent of prokaryotic promoter functioning.(B) transcriptional control of gene expression.(C) the stimulation of translation by initiation factors.(D) post-translational control that activates certain proteinsarrow_forward
- Protein X is a soluble, secreted protein. It has an N-terminal ER import sequence that allows it to be translocated into the ER during translation. If you altered the sequence of this protein in the following ways, would it affect its final destination? If yes, explain why and what the new destination would be. If not, explain why. 1) You add an ER retention signal to the protein. 2) You add a nuclear localization signal to the end of the protein sequence.arrow_forwardWhat is the result when the core histones are acetylated via histone acetyltransferase? A) The result depends on which histone is modified. B) The DNA becomes more tightly associated with the core. O C) The DNA becomes less associated with the core. This modification has no effect on how tightly associated DNA will become with the core.arrow_forwardHow does the cell ensure that a specific amino acid (say, valine) attaches itself only to the one tRNA molecule that is specific for valine? (A) Proteins called aminoacyl DNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The enzymes match the amino acid and one of the correct DNA molecules carrying the right anticodon. (B) Lipids called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The lipid binds the amino acid and one of the correct tRNA molecules carrying the right codon. (C) Enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The enzymes match the amino acid and one of the correct tRNA molecules carrying the right anticodon. (D) Enzymes called peptidyl mRNA synthetases are responsible for bringing together the proper pair. The enzymes match the amino acid and one of the correct mRNA molecules carrying the right anticodon.arrow_forward
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