To counter the argument: “It is ignorant to worry about industry or agriculture contaminating the environment with their chemical wastes. After all, this stuff is just made of the same atoms that were already present in our environment.”
Concept introduction: The chemical reactivity of an element is determined by the presence of unpaired electrons in the outermost shell (or valence cell) and the electrons present in it are called valence electrons. An atom can be chemically inert if they have fulfilled the outermost valence shell. The emergent properties are owing to the arrangement and contacts of atoms or groups of atoms. The properties of compounds are different from the individual elements from which it has formed. A compound is formed by the interaction of two or more dissimilar elements in a definite ratio.
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- Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ptable) to view the periodic table. In the periodic table of the elements, elements in a single column have the same number of electrons that can participate in a chemical reaction. These electrons are known as valence electrons. For example, the elements in the first column all have a single valence electron—an electron that can be donated in a chemical reaction with another atom. What is the meaning of a mass number shown in parentheses?arrow_forwardFill in the blank, the parentheses are the choices for the blank: When a sodium atom loses a single electron to become a sodium ion, it becomes _______ (negatively charged, postively charged). When a chlorine atom gains a single electron to become a chloride ion, it becomes ______ (negatively charged, postively charged)arrow_forwardThe “octet rule” in chemistry helps predict the types of bonds thatatoms will form. In general, an atom will be most stable if it fills itsouter shell of 8 electrons. Atoms with fewer than 4 valence electronstend to donate electrons and those with more than 4 valence electronstend to accept additional electrons; those with exactly 4 can do both.Using this rule, determine what category each of the followingelements falls into: N, S, C, P, O, H, Ca, Fe, and Mg. (You will needto work out the valence of the atoms.)arrow_forward
- A. The first shell corresponds to the first energy level, and it can hold up to 2 electrons. Hydrogen has one proton, so it has 1 electron and one vacancy. A helium atom has 2 protons, 2 electrons, and no vacancies. B. The second shell corresponds to the second energy level, and it can hold up to 8 electrons. Carbon has 6 electrons, so its first shell is full. Its second shell has 4 electrons and four vacancies. Oxygen has 8 electrons and two vacancies. Neon has 10 electrons and no vacancies. C. The third shell corresponds to the third energy level, and it can hold up to 8 electrons. A sodium atom has 11 electrons, so its first two shells are full; the third shell has one electron. Thus, sodium has seven vacancies. Chlorine has 17 electrons and one vacancy. Argon has 18 electrons and no vacancies. Figure It Out: Which of these models have unpaired electrons in their outer shell?arrow_forwardB. A chlorine atom (Cl) becomes a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl) when it gains an electron and fills the vacancy in its third, outermost shell. Figure It Out: Does a chloride ion have an unpaired electron?arrow_forwardKevin was experiencing heartburn prior to his heart attack, for which he was taking an antacid containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Which of the following statements is true concerning the electron shells associated with CaCO3?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a. Chemical energy is the energy within chemical bonds. Energy is required for bonds to break while energy is released when bonds form. b. Exergonic chemical reactions release more energy than they absorb and the catabolism of the food in an energy bar serves as an example. c. The many forms of energy used up by cells comes from the breakdown of the chemical energy from the food we digest.arrow_forwardUse valence bond theory to explain the bonding in O2. Sketch the overlap of the atomic orbitals involved in the bonds in O2.arrow_forwardA carbon atom contains six protons and six neutrons.A. What are its atomic number and atomic weight?B. How many electrons does it have?C. How many additional electrons must it add to fill its outermost shell? How does this affect carbon’s chemical behavior?D. Carbon with an atomic weight of 14 is radioactive. How does it differ in structure from nonradioactive carbon? How does this difference affect its chemical behavior?arrow_forward
- nothing here has a full charge. Need to connect molecules in the hydration shell.arrow_forward1. How would you scientifically define the three things that emerge in a chemical reaction? 2. Research evidence showed that microbial species and bacteria could be found in bottled water. In detail, explain the how and why and dangers. 3. Why did it take 380,000 years for the universe to cool enough to slow down the electrons so that the nuclei could capture them to form the first atoms? 4. Explain who discovered organic compounds and why carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are the basis for the molecules of life.arrow_forwardThe elements oxygen and sulfur have similar chemical properties because they both have six electrons in their outermost electron shells. Indeed, both elements form molecules with two hydrogen atoms, water (H2O) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Surprisingly, at room temperature, water is a liquid, yet H2S is a gas, despite sulfur being much larger and heavier than oxygen. Explain why this might be the case.arrow_forward
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