Concept explainers
Consider a spherical reactor of 5-cm diameter operating at steady conditions with a temperature variation that can be expressed in the form of
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Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications
- 3.16 A large, 2.54-cm.-thick copper plate is placed between two air streams. The heat transfer coefficient on one side is and on the other side is . If the temperature of both streams is suddenly changed from 38°C to 93°C, determine how long it takes for the copper plate to reach a temperature of 82°C.arrow_forward2.55 A long, 1-cm-diameter electric copper cable is embedded in the center of a 25-cm-square concrete block. If the outside temperature of the concrete is 25oC and the rate of electrical energy dissipation in the cable is 150 W per meter length, determine temperatures at the outer surface and at the center of the cable.arrow_forward2.2 A small dam, which is idealized by a large slab 1.2 m thick, is to be completely poured in a short Period of time. The hydration of the concrete results in the equivalent of a distributed source of constant strength of 100 W/m3. If both dam surfaces are at 16°C, determine the maximum temperature to which the concrete will be subjected, assuming steady-state conditions. The thermal conductivity of the wet concrete can be taken as 0.84 W/m K.arrow_forward
- 1.19 A cryogenic fluid is stored in a 0.3-m-diameter spherical container is still air. If the convection heat transfer coefficient between the outer surface of the container and the air is 6.8 , the temperature of the air is 27°C, and the temperature of the surface of the sphere is –183°C, determine the rate of heat transfer by convection.arrow_forwardHeat is transferred at a rate of 0.1 kW through glass wool insulation (density=100kg/m3) with a 5-cm thickness and 2-m2 area. If the hot surface is at 70C, determine the temperature of the cooler surface.arrow_forwardA rectangular fin with k=43 W/m.C , thickness t=2 cm , length L=14 cm and width W=1 m. The base of the fin is maintained at a temperature of 200 C while the fin is exposed to a convection environment at T∞= 15 C and h∞ = 20 W/m2 .C .Using the chart , calculate the heat lost from the fin .arrow_forward
- A 6-m-long 2-kW electrical resistance wire is made of 0.2-cm-diameter stainless steel(? = 15.1 W/mK). The resistance wire operates in an environment at 30°C with a heattransfer coefficient of 140 W/m2K at the outer surface. Determine the maximumtemperature in the wire;(a) by using the applicable relations.(b) by setting up the proper differential equation and solving it.arrow_forwardWater at 5°C is being used to cool apples from an initial temperature of 25° to 10°C. Thewater flow over the surface of the apple creates a convective heat-transfer coefficientof 15 W/(m2-K). Assume the apple can be described as a sphere with a 10 cm diameterand the geometric center is to be reduced to 10°C. The apple properties include thermalconductivity of 0.45 W/(m-K), specific heat of 3.950 kJ/(kg-K), and density of 940 kg/m3.a. Determine the time that the apples must be exposed to the water.b. If the apple is submerged only for 2 hours, what will be its center temperature?arrow_forwardA 30-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes through a large room whose temperature is 20°C. If the outer surface temperature of the pipe is 70°C, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection. k = 0.02699 W/m °C Pr = 0.7241, ν = 1.749 ×10-5. Select one: a. 3485.4 W b. 3827.7 W c. 2211.8 W d. 2683.6 Warrow_forward
- A freezer with dimensions of 4 m wide, 6 m long and 3 m high is under construction. The walls and ceiling are composed of 1.7 mm stainless steel (k = 15 W / [m ° C]), 15 cm thick foam insulation (k = 0.036 W / [m ° C]), specific thickness of corkboard (k = 0.043 W / [m ° C]), and 1.27 cm thick wood (k = 0.104 W / [m ° C]). The inside of the freezer is maintained at -40 ° C. The ambient air outside the freezer is 32 ° C. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 5 W / (m K) on wooden walls and 2 W / (m² K) on stainless steel surfaces. If the outside air has a dew point of 29 ° C, calculate the thickness of the corkboard insulation that will prevent moisture condensation on the outer walls of the freezer. Calculate the heat transfer rate through the walls and ceiling of this freezer. Ignore heat transfer from floors and corners of buildings. a. Thickness of corkboard insulation = Answer cm. b. Heat transfer rate through walls and ceiling = Answer watts.arrow_forwardA 10-cm diameter pipe is covered by 2 layers of lagging. The insidelayer is 4 cm thick and has a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 0.08W/m-K. The outside layer is 3cm thick and has a coefficient of thermalconductivity of 0.15 W/m-K. The steam main conveys steam apressure of 1.7 MPa with 25 C superheat. The outside temperature ofthe lagging is 27 C. If the steam main is 30 m long, determine theinterface temperature of the lagging and overall coefficient of heattransfer based on outside area.arrow_forwardQ4: A spherical object that is made of a material with specific heat=383 J/kg K , and density = 8954 kg/m’. The diameter of the sphere is 5-cm and it is initially at a uniform temperature of 150¢C. It is suddenly exposed to an environment at 20-C having a heat-transfer coefficient h=28W/m? -arrow_forward
- Principles of Heat Transfer (Activate Learning wi...Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9781305387102Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.Publisher:Cengage Learning