To identify:
The first biomarker discovered by scientists.
Concept introduction:
Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.
Explanation of Solution
The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.
Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.
To determine:
The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.
Introduction:
Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.
Explanation of Solution
Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.
Other than saliva, biomarkers can be found in blood, urine, stool, body tissues or bodily fluids.
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Chapter 2 Solutions
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