(a)
Interpretation:
Bond order of
Concept Introduction:
Molecular orbital diagram is a linear combination of atomic orbitals of similar energy and similar symmetry. It is formed by the proper overlap of the atomic orbitals.
There are 3 types of molecular orbitals as follows:
1. Bonding molecular orbital: They are formed by the constructive interference of atomic orbitals and electrons in it stabilize the molecule and are of lesser in energy.
2. Antibonding molecular orbital: This type of orbitals increases the energy of molecule and destabilizes it and weakens the bond between the atoms.
3. Non-bonding molecular orbital: These types of orbitals have energy similar to atomic orbitals that is addition or removal of electron does not change the energy of molecule.
The order of energy in molecular orbital follows two rules as follows:
1. For
2. For atomic number more than 14 order of energy is,
Bond order
(a)
Explanation of Solution
For
The symbol for fluorine is
Thus total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons for each atom in
Hence, 14 electrons are to be arranged in each molecular orbital to obtain an electronic configuration. Since, number of electrons in
Substitute 8 for number of electrons in bonding orbitals and 6 for number of electrons in antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate bond order.
Hence, the bond order of the molecule
For
The symbol for fluorine is
One negative charge is added up in total valence count.
Thus total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons for each atom in
Hence, 15 electrons are to be arranged in each molecular orbital to obtain an electronic configuration. Since, number of electrons in
Substitute 8 for number of electrons in bonding orbitals and 7 for number of electrons in antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate bond order.
Hence, the bond order of the molecule
Since the bond order of
(b)
Interpretation:
Bond order of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)
Explanation of Solution
For
The symbol for boron is
Thus total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons for each atom in
Hence, 6 electrons are to be arranged in each molecular orbital to obtain an electronic configuration. Since, number of electrons in
Substitute 4 for number of electrons in bonding orbitals and 2 for number of electrons in antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate bond order.
Hence, the bond order of the molecule
For
The symbol for boron is
Thus total valence electrons are sum of the valence electrons for each atom in
Hence, 5 electrons are to be arranged in each molecular orbital to obtain an electronic configuration. Since, number of electrons in
Substitute 3 for number of electrons in bonding orbitals and 2 for number of electrons in antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate bond order.
Hence, the bond order of the molecule
Since the bond order of
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 2 Solutions
CHEMICAL PRIN. (LL)+ 2 SEM SAPLING >BI<
- In the molecular orbital mode l, compare and contrast bonds with bonds. What orbitals form the bonds and what orbitals form the bonds? Assume the z-axis is the internuclear axis.arrow_forwardAspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, has the formula C9H8O4 and the skeleton structure (a) Complete the Lewis structure and give the number of bonds and bonds in aspirin. (b) What is the hybridization about the CO2H carbon atom (colored blue)? (c) What is the hybridization about the carbon atom in the benzene-like ring that is bonded to an oxygen atom (colored red)? Also, what is the hybridization of the oxygen atom bonded to this carbon atom?arrow_forwardThe structure of amphetamine, a stimulant, is shown below. (Replacing one H atom on the NH2, or amino, group with CH3 gives methamphetamine a particularly dangerous drug commonly known as speed.) (a) What are the hybrid orbitals used by the C atoms of the C6 ring. by the C atoms of the side chain, and by the N atom? (b) Give approximate values for the bond angles A, B, and C. (c) How many bonds and bonds are in the molerule? (d) Is the molecule polar or nonpolar? (e) Amphetamine reacts readily with a proton (H+) in aqueous solution. Where does this proton attach to the molecule? Explain how the electrostatic potential map predicts this site of protonation.arrow_forward
- What are the relationships among bond order, bond energy, and bond length? Which of these quantities can be measured?arrow_forwardCalcium cyanamide, CaNCN, is used both to kill weeds and as a fertilizer. Give the Lewis structure of the NCN2 ion and the bonded-atom lone-pair arrangement and hybridization of the carbon atom.arrow_forwardIn each of the following molecules, a central atom is surrounded by a total of three atoms or unshared electron pairs: SnCl2, BCl3, SO2. In which of these molecules would you expect the bond angle to be less than 120? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning