Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach Plus Mastering Genetics with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (3rd Edition) (What's New in Genetics)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134807799
Author: Mark F. Sanders, John L. Bowman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 12P
Biologists have proposed that the use of antibiotics to treat human infectious disease has played a role in the evolution of widespread antibiotic resistance in several bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus and the bacteria causing gonorrhea, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases. Explain how the evolutionary mechanisms mutation and natural selection may have contributed to the development of antibiotic resistance.
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1a) How do the events surrounding the Peppered Moth during the industrial era in Great Britain support the theory of natural selection?
1b) There exist several categories of evidence that lend credence to the interrelated nature of all organisms alive today. Describe two (2) pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution (and the notion of a universal common ancestor).
1c) What is leading to the development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria? Why should we be concerned?
Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin are small organic molecules that are synthesized by particular species of bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason why certain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupy the same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may be able to kill competing species. Eliminating competitors provides more resources for the antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that have the genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes that confer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracycline is made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besides the genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciens also has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, it would kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however, many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracycline have acquired the genes that confer…
Explain why the answer is correct.
For eukaryote cells to evolve into new types of eukaryotic organisms, which of the following would one expect to occur? The correct answer is E
a) these cells have evolved because they have different DNA because of mutations
b) Their endoplasmic reticulum is synthesizing new and/or different proteins.
c) These specialized cells activate new genes to synthesize new proteins.
d) these organisms have new characteristics because they have acquired new genes.
e) all of these are true
Chapter 20 Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach Plus Mastering Genetics with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (3rd Edition) (What's New in Genetics)
Ch. 20 - 20.1 Compare and contrast the terms in each of the...Ch. 20 - In a population, what is the consequence of...Ch. 20 - 20.3 Identify and describe the evolutionary forces...Ch. 20 - Describe how natural selection can produce...Ch. 20 - Thinking creatively about evolutionary mechanisms,...Ch. 20 - 20.6 Genetic drift, an evolutionary process...Ch. 20 - Over the course of many generations in a small...Ch. 20 - Catastrophic events such as loss of habitat,...Ch. 20 - 20.9 George Udny Yule was wrong in suggesting that...Ch. 20 - 20.10 The ability to taste the bitter compound...
Ch. 20 - Figure 20.6 illustrates the effect of an ethanol ...Ch. 20 - 20.12 Biologists have proposed that the use of...Ch. 20 - 20.13 Two populations of deer, one of them large...Ch. 20 - 20.14 Directional selection presents an apparent...Ch. 20 - 20.15 What is inbreeding depression? Why is...Ch. 20 - 20.16 Certain animal species, such as the...Ch. 20 - Genetic Analysis 20.1 predicts the number of...Ch. 20 - 20.18 In a population of rabbits, and . The...Ch. 20 - Sickle cell disease (SCD) is found in numerous...Ch. 20 - 20.20 Epidemiologic data on the population in the...Ch. 20 - The frequency of tasters and nontasters of PTC...Ch. 20 - Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive...Ch. 20 - 20.23 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common...Ch. 20 - 20.24 In the mouse, Mus musculus, survival in...Ch. 20 - 20.25 In a population of flowers growing in a...Ch. 20 - Assume that the flower population described in the...Ch. 20 - 20.27 ABO blood type is examined in a Taiwanese...Ch. 20 - 20.28 A total ofmembers of a Central American...Ch. 20 - 20.29 A sample offield mice contains individuals...Ch. 20 - Prob. 30PCh. 20 - Albinism, an autosomal recessive trait...Ch. 20 - 20.32 The frequency of an autosomal recessive...Ch. 20 - 20.33 Evaluate the following pedigree, and answer...Ch. 20 - Evaluate the following pedigree, and answer the...Ch. 20 - The following is a partial pedigree of the British...Ch. 20 - Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying...Ch. 20 - Prob. 37PCh. 20 - 20.38 Achromatopsia is a rare autosomal recessive...Ch. 20 - 20.39 New allopolyploid plant species can arise by...
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- Based on what you know about the mechanisms through which the effective antibiotics work, describe ways in which a population of coli resistant to these drugs could evolve. How does this relate to the theory of evolution by natural selection?arrow_forwardBacteria are better than elephants for experimental studies of evolution because: A) Bacteria evolve, but elephants do not B) We know much less about elephants than we do about bacteria, so it is harder to design experiments to study their evolution. C) Bacteria have much shorter life cycles than elephants, so we can study their evolution over thousands of generations during the lifetime of a single dons during the meattle of usands single scientist. scentist D) Bacteria are much lower on the tree of life than are elephants OE) Elephants have much less genetic variation than bacteriaarrow_forwardHow do mutations and selection work together to create antibiotic resistance? Describe how antibiotics act as a selective pressure on a bacterial population and how mutations can lead to bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.arrow_forward
- 1. According to the text, what is artificial selection most often called? a) natural selection b) evolution c) selective breeding d) desirable traitsarrow_forwardIn hospitals where many tuberculosis patients are treated, the population of tuberculosis mycobacteria may be composed of multiresistant (to antibiotics) strains. How does the synthetic theory of evolution explain this fact?arrow_forwardMany pathogenic bacteria have become resistent to antibiotics. a) Explain how Lamarck would explain this event. b) Explain how Darwin would explain this this event.arrow_forward
- Consider figure 22.5b. The following statements are true. Choose all applicable options. a) Hair in this case is a developmental homology. b)The hair shown in both species can be considered a homology. c) The common ancestor of both species likely had hair. d) Both species have hair likely because they share a common ancestor.arrow_forwardThe neutral theory of molecular evolution is now accepted as part of the theory of evolution by natural selection. a)True b)Falsearrow_forward2) If this model continues, with no major changes to the environment, what do you expect to happen? XA) Rabbits will continue to get lighter over time. There is no way to predict because mutations are random. B) edator 9) D) Mutations will all die out leaving only the original fur color. Dark gray fur will become the common phenotype because it favors survival.arrow_forward
- All evolutionary changes that allow a species to change in response to the environment are originally a result of A) beneficial DNA mutations. Eliminate B) movement to new environments where survival is easier. C) cross-breeding with other species of closely related organisms. D) adaptations that organisms make to the environment during their lifetimes. Not Gradedarrow_forwardMaria has a sore throat. Her father takes her to the doctor and she is given an antibiotic. After ten days, Maria is still sick. Use the model seen here and describe what has happened to Maria in terms of natural selection. A) The medicine causes some bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. They survive and reproduce. B) Some of the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic. They survive and reproduce, keeping Maria sick. C) After being subjected to the antibiotics, some bacteria change and they can survive the medicine. Maria remains sick. D) In a population of bacteria, variation exists. The bacteria that have increased resistance to medicine outcompete the non-resistant bacteria for food. Not Gradedarrow_forwardAlthough natural selection is sometimes called the survival of the fittest, it is ultimately a process of: a) differential reproduction b) differential consumption c) differential migration d) differential mutationarrow_forward
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