BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 20, Problem 1S
In Trinidadian guppies a combination of elegant laboratory and field experiments builds a very compelling case for predator-induced evolutionary changes in color and life history traits. It is still possible, although not likely, that there are other differences between the sites above and below the falls aside from whether predators are present. What additional studies could strengthen the interpretation of the results?
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As you know chimpanzees in neighboring groups in the forest show 4-5 times as much genetic difference as any two human populations. Is it reasonable to expect that trait that show genetic variation in humans, such as the structure of the hand and the brain, might show significant variation between chimpanzee populations? Why or why not?
In birds of paradise that populate tropical rainforest ecosystems, bright colored beaks and feathers are commonly found. These phenotypes continue to persist, even though brightly colored birds are more easily seen by predators. Which of the following would best describe the reason behind the persistence of these phenotypes in birds of paradise?
On many remote islands in the Pacific, there are endemic species of wingless insects that apparently have evolved from winged ancestral species that colonized the island in the distant past. For this example, describe the conditions which must have been met in order for winglessness to have evolved, the means by which winglessness was able to increase in frequency in the population, and the mode of selection that must have taken place within this population. Your answer to this question must define and use terminology appropriate to a discussion of evolution.
Chapter 20 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 20.1 - Define evolution and population genetics.Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.2 - Explain the HardyWeinberg principle.Ch. 20.2 - Describe the characteristics of a population that...Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 20.3 - Define the five processes that can cause...Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 20.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.4 - Demonstrate how the success of different...
Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 20.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 20.6 - Define frequency-dependent selection, oscillating...Ch. 20.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.7 - Define and contrast disruptive, directional, and...Ch. 20.7 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.8 - Explain how experiments can be used to test...Ch. 20.9 - Prob. 1LOCh. 20.9 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20.10 - Prob. 2LOCh. 20 - If all white cats died, what proportion of the...Ch. 20 - Assuming that the values on the x-axis represent...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3DACh. 20 - Prob. 4DACh. 20 - Examine the index of copper tolerance on nonmine...Ch. 20 - Prob. 6DACh. 20 - Why are rare alleles particularly likely to be...Ch. 20 - Prob. 2IQCh. 20 - Prob. 3IQCh. 20 - Prob. 4IQCh. 20 - Prob. 5IQCh. 20 - Prob. 6IQCh. 20 - Prob. 7IQCh. 20 - Prob. 8IQCh. 20 - Prob. 9IQCh. 20 - Assortative mating a. affects genotype frequencies...Ch. 20 - When the environment changes from year to year and...Ch. 20 - Many factors can limit the ability of natural...Ch. 20 - Stabilizing selection differs from directional...Ch. 20 - Founder effects and bottlenecks are a. expected...Ch. 20 - Relative fitness a. refers to the survival rate of...Ch. 20 - For natural selection to result in evolutionary...Ch. 20 - Prob. 8UCh. 20 - In a population of red (dominant allele) or white...Ch. 20 - Genetic drift and natural selection can both lead...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3ACh. 20 - Prob. 4ACh. 20 - In Trinidadian guppies a combination of elegant...Ch. 20 - On large, black lava flows in the deserts of the...Ch. 20 - Based on a consideration of how strong artificial...
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- If you had measured a set of morphological traits (beak depth, wing length, leg length, tail length, body size) in both the parent and offspring generations, would it be useful to measure any changes in these traits in the parent generation after the drought killed the birds with shallower beaks? Could any such changes measure a correlated response to natural selection on beak depth? Why or why not?arrow_forwardDo you believe that because insect beak length has changed in opposite directions in the Florida and the Texas populations that we have stronger evidence that natural selection was acting directly on beak length in these populations? Or is it equally likely that natural selection is only acting on a trait correlated with beak length in the Florida and Texas populations?arrow_forwardYou are asked to assess whether a population of endangered salamanders can adapt to warming climate in their preferred habitat. The salamanders vary at a locus that determines adaptation to temperature, and the warming climate creates selection favoring one of two alleles at that locus. Drawing on what you know about natural selection and genetic drift, what information would you need to know about the salamanders to determine whether the allele that improves their adaptation to warmer climates will become fixed in the population? Strictly no plagiarism.arrow_forward
- The protruding tusk on a narwhal is an enlarged tooth with sensory capabilities. Narwhals are related to other whales. The extreme phenotype of the tusk demonstrates which type of selection? A)Convergent B)Stabilizing C)Directionalarrow_forwardAncestors of the beach mouse mayhave exhibited variations in their coat color. Because of the prevalence of visualpredators, the better-camouflaged (lighter) mice in the beach habitat may havesurvived longer and been able to produce more offspring. Over time, a higher andhigher proportion of individuals in the population would have had the adaptation of lighter fur that acted to camouflage the mouse in the beach habitat.arrow_forwardThis spectacular animal is a Lesser Bird of Paradise, Paradisea minor, from the highlands of Papua New Guinea. In the context of various evolutionary phenomena, why do you suppose: (a) This bird is confined to New Guinea and two nearby islands? Why would you not expect to find it in the mountains of Borneo? Explain in detail. (b) This spectacular tail presumably attracts predators; why hasn't natural selection acted to reduce it or camouflage it? Explain in detail.arrow_forward
- A number of behaviors that exhibit cultural evolution, such as tool-using, also have genes that favor such learning. Could different populations of chimpanzees have different genetic predispositions to show cultural evolution?arrow_forwardWhat does the finding that the PTC taster polymorphism evolved independently in humans and chimpanzees suggest about the evolutionary forces responsible for the PTCtaster polymorphism? For example, does it suggest that natural selection might beinvolved? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardHow do mechanisms of speciation, such as genetic isolation, reproductive barriers, and ecological factors, apply to the human-chimp-gorilla trichotomy? Discuss the role of these mechanisms in driving speciation and shaping the evolutionary relationships among humans, chimps, and gorillas, based on genetic evidence such as comparative genomics and molecular phylogenetics.arrow_forward
- What is inbreeding depression and why is it particularly a concern for conservation biology? A) It is a chemical imbalance in the brain of animals forced into close quarters, such as those rescued from the wild and placed in zoos. B) It is a situation where the frequency of an allele over time depends greatly upon its initial frequency, as such if populations are too small, the present alleles are at risk of being lost. C) It is a situation where offspring of genetic relatives have increased fitness, this occurs when populations of animals are large and they mate freely. D) It is a situation where offspring of genetic relatives have reduced fitness, this occurs when populations of animals become too small and they are thus likely to mate with closely related individuals.arrow_forwardConsider the data that are summarised in the figure i. The data in part (a) are consistent with the hypothesis that alarm calling only in female black-tailed prairie dogs evolved in accordance with kin selection. ii. On the basis of the data in part (a), male black-tailed prairie dogs without kin in their home coteries almost are as likely (i.e., within 10%) to produce alarm calls as are female black-tailed prairie dogs with kin in their home coteries.iii. On the basis of the data in the figure, males and females produce alarm calls more often when the kin that they live with are offspring than when the kin that they live with are parents and siblings.iv. On the basis of the data in part (b), alarm calls in black-tailed prairie dogs constitute merely parental care (i.e., rather than altruism).v. On the basis of the data in part (b), mean alarm calling percentage is greater for male black-tailed prairie dogs than for female black-tailed prairie dogs. Question 2 options:…arrow_forwardBased on (MS-LS4-4) standard(grade8) - Mathematical Representations of Natural Selection: Based on the 'Galapagos Islands Finches - Rainfall Effect' data set(picture attached).This data set shows data about finch populations that was collected at the end of a five year period where there were different amounts of rainfall. How were the finches affected by drought (rainfall less than 25cm/yr) and excess rainfall (rainfall more than 25 cm/yr)? Describe at least two changes observed. What do you think caused the changes in the finch population and average beak size during the periods of excess rainfall and periods of drought? Include appropriate scientific vocabulary when possible. What changes in 'beak-depth' genes within the finch population can be correlated to environmental changes?arrow_forward
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