Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The product formed when the
Concept introduction: The substitution reaction involves the replacement of one functional group by other functional group. In nucleophilic substitution an electron rich species attack the species that is deficient in electrons. The electrophile and the leaving group together form a substrate. The nucleophile attacks over the substrate and there occurs the removal of leaving group from the substrate.
Answer to Problem 20.41P
The product formed when the
Figure 1
Explanation of Solution
The reaction that shows the formation of product when
Figure 2
In the given reaction, sodium borohydride is used as a reducing agent. Sodium borohydride is used for the reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols.
The product formed when the
Figure 1
(b)
Interpretation: The product formed when the
Concept introduction: Addition of hydrogen takes place across a double bond of
Answer to Problem 20.41P
The product formed when the
Figure 3
Explanation of Solution
The reaction that shows the formation of product when
Figure 4
In the given reaction, hydrogenation of alkene takes place in the presence of palladium.
The product formed when the
Figure 3
(c)
Interpretation: The product formed when the
Concept introduction: Addition of hydrogen takes place across a double bond of alkenes to form alkanes. This process is known as hydrogenation. It takes place in the presence of catalysts such as nickel, platinum or palladium.
Answer to Problem 20.41P
The product formed when the
Figure 5
Explanation of Solution
The reaction that shows the formation of product when
Figure 6
In the given reaction, excess hydrogen is used which will reduce both keto group and double bond. This results in the formation of a saturated compound.
The product formed when the
Figure 5
(d)
Interpretation: The product formed when the
Concept introduction: Methyllithium in the presence of water reduces carbonyl compounds into alcohol. Methyllithium is a reducing agent.
Answer to Problem 20.41P
The product formed when the
Figure 7
Explanation of Solution
The reaction that shows the formation of product when
Figure 8
The product formed in the given reaction is
The product formed when the
Figure 7
(e)
Interpretation: The product formed when the
Concept introduction: Grignard reagent is prepared by the reaction of alkyl or aryl bromide with magnesium metal in the presence of ether. The reaction of Grignard reagent with an
Answer to Problem 20.41P
The product formed when the
Figure 9
Explanation of Solution
The reaction that shows the formation of product when
Figure 10
In the given reaction, Grignard reagent is used. This reagent attacks on the carbonyl compound to form alkoxides. In the next step, protonation with water takes place to give the final product.
The product formed when the
Figure 9
(f)
Interpretation: The product formed when the
Concept introduction: The steps involved in the reaction of ketone with organolithium reagent are as follows:
• The first step involves the reduction of carbonyl group into single bonds.
• The second step is the addition of R group from organometallic reagent and hydrogen to oxygen.
Answer to Problem 20.41P
The product formed when the
Figure 11
Explanation of Solution
The reaction that shows the formation of product when
Figure 12
In the given reaction, organo copper reagent reacts with unsaturated carbonyl compound and forms carbon–carbon double bond with the beta carbon as shown in the above reaction.
The product formed when the
Figure 11
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Chapter 20 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY W/ ACCESS >IC<
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