Brock Biology of Microbiology - Modern MasteringBiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134602325
Author: MADIGAN
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 2AQ
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The open ocean waters are highly toxic, predict the possible metabolic lifestyles of open-ocean Bacteria and Archaea. Why might the pigment rhodopsin be more abundant in one group of organism than in the other?
Concept introduction:
An ocean is the saline water body that comprises much of a hydrosphere of planets. An ocean is one of the vital conventional divisions of the world ocean on the earth. The ocean contains 97 percentage of earth’s water and entire volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers with depth average nearly 3, 7000 m.
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Explain osmotic balance in cells. What happens to a cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, or isotonic solution? What is special about the maintenance of osmotic balance in halophiles that would allow them to survive in high salt concentrations? What is the natural habitat of archaea species Halobacterium salinarum?
Which of the following prokaryotes has a relatively large surface-to-volume ratio for rapid gas exchange, despite having one of the largest cytoplasmic volumes of any known eubacterial cell?
the archaeobacterium Halobacterium halobium
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the eubacterium Epulopiscium fishelsoni
the eubacterium Escherichia coli
Chemolithrophs near hydrothermal vents support a variety of other life forms there. Explain now their role is analogous to that of photosynthetic organisms in the terrestrial environment.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microbiology - Modern MasteringBiology
Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.1 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.1 - How does a microbial population differ from a...Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.2 - What is a biogeochemical cycle? Give an example...Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.3 - Prob. 2MQ
Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.4 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.4 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.4 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.5 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.6 - Which phylum of Bacteria dominates bacterial...Ch. 20.6 - What factors govern the extent and type of...Ch. 20.6 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.6 - In what soil horizon are microbial numbers and...Ch. 20.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.8 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.9 - What did the Deepwater Horizon spill tell us about...Ch. 20.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.9 - Why is release of sulfide from oxygen minimum...Ch. 20.10 - How does Ostreococcus differ from Prochlorococcus?...Ch. 20.10 - How does the organism Prochlorococcus contribute...Ch. 20.10 - How does Roseobacter differ from Prochlorococcus?Ch. 20.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.11 - What is proteorhodopsin and why is it so named?...Ch. 20.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.11 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.11 - Why are dilute culture media used for isolating...Ch. 20.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.12 - What molecular adaptations are found in...Ch. 20.12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 20.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 20.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.13 - What alternative sources of energy are suggested...Ch. 20.13 - Deep-sea sediments show decreasing nutrient levels...Ch. 20.14 - How does a warm hydrothermal vent differ from a...Ch. 20.14 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.14 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.14 - Would you expect to find the same types of...Ch. 20 - Prob. 1AQCh. 20 - Prob. 2AQCh. 20 - Global warming has been suggested to result in...
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- Think about the conditions (temperature, light, pressure, and organic and inorganic materials) that you may find in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. What type of prokaryotes, in terms of their metabolic needs (autotrophs, phototrophs, chemotrophs, etc.), would you expect to find there?arrow_forwardCompare photo litho autotrophy with chemo-organo heterotrophy. Sun light is the ultimate source of energy and all living organisms obtain their energy directly or indirectly from the sun. However in deep-sea vents (where there is no sun light) life has originated and the many groups of microorganisms are flourishing in such environment. How? Explain your reasoningarrow_forwardSome prokaryotes, especially archaea, are capable of living in extreme environments, such as deep-sea vents, where temperatures can reach 80°C (176°F). Few organisms can survive at this temperature. What adaptations might archaea possess that allow them to survive in such extreme heat?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is correct for bothblue-green algae and bacteria ?(a) Both show anaerobic respiration.(b) Both have chlorophyll pigment.(c) Both are devoid of true nucleus.(d) None of the above Please try to break the solutions into as many steps as practically possible and the steps should come one by one and they should be short and crisp and plagiarism-free.arrow_forwardAlthough chemoautotrophs serve as the primary producers near hydrothermal vents, animals there still ultimately depend on the photosynthetic activities of plants and cyanobacteria. Why?arrow_forwardArchaea exhibit a wide variety of cell shapes, including some that are unique. Suggest why this diversity exists and what advantages the unique shapes might confer.arrow_forward
- Chemolithotrophs near hydrothermal vents support a variety of other life-forms there. Explain how their role is analogous to that of photosynthetic organisms in terrestrial environments.arrow_forwardWhy do chemotrophs have to use oxygen? The definition of chemotrophs is = organisms that gain chemical energy by oxidizing bonds. Do the organisms have to oxidize bonds using oxygen?arrow_forwardThe non-protein component of the transmembrane complex used by the salt-loving archaeobacterium Halobacterium halobium, which uses sunlight to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis, is called: bacteriochlorophyll chlorophyll bacteriorhodopsin retinal cytochrome carrow_forward
- discuss at least five different examples of extremophiles on Earth and discuss how they thrive in their special environments (or, each person can choose one extremophile to research and share with the rest of the group). Extrapolate these extreme survival abilities to the kinds of life that might be able to survive in the very different environments throughout our Solar System? Do you think that watery places like Europa or Enceladus would be a better environment to search for life as opposed to somewhere like the clouds of Venus? Why or why not? For more information on possible life in Venus' atmosphere,arrow_forwardWhat is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration? What type(s) of metabolism can occur in the absence of oxygen? Name two enzymes that are present in obligate aerobes but lacking in obligate anaerobes. What is the function of each enzyme Describe the difference between the appearance of surface and subsurface colonies in a pour plate. If this is the same bacterial species, why do these differences in colonial growth occur?arrow_forwardThe figure shows stratification of microbial layers in a Winogradsky column (a method used to simulate environments similar to microbial mats observed in nature). Cyanobacteria and algae Nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., Rhodomicrobium) Purple photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., Chromatium) Green photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., Chlorobium) Air Liquid Aerobic zone Microaerophilic zone (Less anaerobic) Anaerobic zone (More anaerobic) Mud mixed with sulfate and carbonate salts and cellulose or other organicsarrow_forward
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