Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780321897398
Author: Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, Thomas Brock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 3RQ
The principal form of nitrogen on Earth is N2, which can be used as a N source only by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Ammonia produced by nitrogen fixation or by ammonification can be assimilated into organic matter or oxidized to
Q Compare and contrast the processes of nitrification and denitrification in terms of the organisms involved, the environmental conditions that favor each process, and the changes in nutrient availability that accompany each process.
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Regarding nitrogen fixation, are the following statements True or False?
a) Atmospheric nitrogen is reduced to the biologically useful form NH3 (or NH4 ).
b) Nitrogen fixation in nature and in the lab requires a metal cofactor or catalyst.
c) The availability of fixed nitrogen limits biological productivity.
d) Ammonium from the atmosphere is fixed to more usable forms of nitrogen, such as nitrite (NO2–).
e) Nitrogen fixation is energetically neutral, using a negligible amount of ATP.
f) The enzyme nitrogenase, which takes part in nitrogen fixation, is inactivated by oxygen.
Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Bacteria can decompose organic nitrogen.B. Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by bacteria.C. Ammonia, ammonium ion and nitrate ion are examples of biological availablenitrogen.D. Denitrifying bacteria converts atmospheric dinitrogen gas into nitrate ion.E. Nitrification is the process of converting reactive nitrogen into another form ofreactive nitrogen.
If Earth is filled muchly of di-nitrogen gas, why is the productivity of se many ecosystems limited by availability of nitrogen?
Chapter 20 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Ch. 20.1 - How is new organic matter made in nature?Ch. 20.1 - In what ways are oxygenic photosynthesis and...Ch. 20.1 - What is a methane hydrate?Ch. 20.2 - Why does Syntrophomonas need a partner organism in...Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.2 - What is the final product of acetogenesis?Ch. 20.3 - What is nitrogen fixation and why is it important...Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.3 - How does the compound nitrapyrin benefit both...Ch. 20.4 - Is H2S a substrate or a product of the...
Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.4 - Prob. 3MQCh. 20.5 - In what oxidation state is Fe in Fe(OH)3? In FeS?...Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.5 - Why is excreted organic matter important to many...Ch. 20.6 - How does the formation of CaCO3 skeletons by...Ch. 20.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.7 - What forms of mercury are most toxic to organisms?Ch. 20.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 20.8 - What is the greenhouse effect and what causes it?Ch. 20.8 - What is the fate of most nitrogen used in...Ch. 20.8 - Why are the OMZs expanding and what are the likely...Ch. 20 - Prob. 1RQCh. 20 - Prob. 2RQCh. 20 - The principal form of nitrogen on Earth is N2,...Ch. 20 - Prob. 4RQCh. 20 - Prob. 5RQCh. 20 - Prob. 6RQCh. 20 - Prob. 7RQCh. 20 - Prob. 8RQCh. 20 - Compare and contrast the carbon, sulfur, and...Ch. 20 - 14C-labeled cellulose is added to a vial...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3AQ
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- Figure 46.17 Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? Ammonification converts organic nitrogenous matter from living organisms into ammonium (NH4+). Denitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2). Nitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3 ) to nitrites (NO2-). Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) into organic compounds.arrow_forwardFigure 20.12 Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? a. Ammonification converts organic nitrogenous matter from living organisms into ammonium (NH4+) . b. Denitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3) to nitrogen gas (N2) . c. Nitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3) to nitrites (NO2) . d. Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) into organic compounds.arrow_forwardFigure 22.19 Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? Nitrogen fixing bacteria exist on the root nodules of legumes and in the soil. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates (NO3 ) into nitrogen gas (N2). Ammonification is the process by which ammonium ion (NH4+) is released from decomposing organic compounds. Nitrification is the process by which nitrites (NO2-) are converted to ammonium ion (NH4+).arrow_forward
- Nitrogen fixation is the processa. that converts organic nitrogen to NH3.b. by which plants and animals take up NO3–.c. by which bacteria convert NO3– to N2.d. by which N2 is converted to NH3 or NH4+.e. All of the above are true of nitrogen fixation.arrow_forwarda.Briefly describe the roles of Rhizobium, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter and Pseudomonasbacteria in the nitrogen cycle (about 200 words). b. Provide one example for each of the following from the sulfur cycle: a biotic flux a natural abiotic flux an anthropogenic flux..arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? a. Ammonification converts organic nitrogenous matter from living organisms into ammonium (NH4 +). b. Denitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3 −) to nitrogen gas (N2). c. Nitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3 −) to nitrites (NO2 −). d. Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) into organic compounds.arrow_forward
- Refer to Fig. 5.5. and redraw the important transformations of fixed nitrogen in ecosystems. Note the following processes: biological N fixation, non-biological N-fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification. Reference: https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/environmentalscience/chapter/chapter-5-flows-and-cycles-of-nutrients/arrow_forwardThe unicellular cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus sp. is the most abundant photosynthetic microbe in tropical and subtropical oceans. At least two ecotypes exist: one is adapted to high light and the other to lower light intensities. How does the presence of these two ecotypes contribute to their physiological success and their numerical success? How would you determine the amount of fixed carbon they contribute to these open-ocean ecosystems?arrow_forwardIn the nitrogen cycle, ? Occurs when nitrogen gas is converted to form usable to plants, often by nitrogen-fixing ?arrow_forward
- Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of? How much oxygen needed is needed for growth of aerobic bacteria The extent to which rivers or lakes are polluted with inorganic industrial waste compounds How much oxygen is needed for survival of aerobic bacteria The extent to which rivers or lakes are polluted with organic waste compoundsarrow_forwardWhich of the following is a process of the nitrogen cycle that involves the conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia? a.Nitrogen fixation b.Nitrification c.Ammonification d.Denitrificationarrow_forwardTrace the route of the nutrients NO 3- carried by river runoff to a seagrass ecosystem. Indicate the specific process involved (e.g., nitrification, denitrification, etc.) and the chemical form (e.g., NH +, NO -, etc) at each step of transformation. Write your (short) answers in the numbered blanks below each illustration.arrow_forward
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