Concept explainers
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(a)
Interpretation: The positive factors and concerns of the technique fracking should be given.
Concept introduction:
Fracking or Hydraulic fracturing: The process is a high pressure technique and it is proved to be an unconventional natural gas technology. Using a high pressurized liquid, cracks are created in the rocks which results in the ejection of natural gas and oil.
(b)
Interpretation: The use of ethanol as a fuel is whether a wise choice should be explained. The arguments for and against for this has to be listed.
Concept introduction:
Different forms of energy sources: Renewable energy source and Non-renewable energy source.
Renewable energy resources: The resources which occur by natural process and can be recyclable or replaced. They will be much useful to human beings.
Non-renewable energy resources: The resources which are once used and which cannot be available again within a given amount of time. Energy derived from fossil fuel is an example for non-renewable resource.
Water, food and air are the major examples for renewable energy resources. The use of renewable sources contributes less pollution in the atmosphere and this is the reason for their increase use. Ethanol in gasoline is a renewable form of energy.
Gasoline, coal, diesel, fossil fuel, plastic.. are examples for non-renewable energy resources. The major disadvantages of these resources are they are not renewed and cannot be recycled.
(c)
Interpretation: The development of electric cars and cars using natural gas should be encouraged or not. The advantages and disadvantages to owning this cars has to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Different forms of energy sources: Renewable energy source and Non-renewable energy source.
Renewable energy resources: The resources which occur by natural process and can be recyclable or replaced. They will be much useful to human beings.
Non-renewable energy resources: The resources which are once used and which cannot be available again within a given amount of time. Energy derived from fossil fuel is an example for non-renewable resource.
Water, food and air are the major examples for renewable energy resources. The use of renewable sources contributes less pollution in the atmosphere and this is the reason for their increase use. Ethanol in gasoline is a renewable form of energy.
Gasoline, coal, diesel, fossil fuel, plastic.. are examples for non-renewable energy resources. The major disadvantages of these resources are they are not renewed and cannot be recycled.
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Chapter 20 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
- From the discussion question from Module 5, recall the chemical equation for the combustion of gasoline (iso-octane, C8H18) is: 2C8H18 + 25O2 ---> 16CO2 + 18H2O This means that 2 moles of iso-octane combine with 25 moles of CO2 to produce 16 moles of CO2 and 18 moles of water. This is important for understanding the impact of fossil fuel use on the atmosphere because burning one mole of fuel adds a lot of CO2. Thinking about this in terms of the stoichiometry, and change in concentration, suppose we had 1.0 mole of iso-octane dissolved in 1.0 m3 of atmosphere. That means the concentration of carbon-containing molecules would be 1 mole per cubic meter. However, ff we burned all that iso-octane and convert the C8H18 into CO2 the concentration of carbon-containing molecules increases. How much does the concentration of carbon-containing molecules increase if 1.0 mole of C8H18 in 1.0 m3 of air is converted into CO2 as shown in the chemical equation above?arrow_forwardCoal-fired power plants emit CO2, which is one of the gases that is of concern with regard to global warming. A technique that power plants can adopt to keep most of the CO2 from entering the air is called CO2 capture and storage (CCS). If the incremental cost of the sequestration process is $0.019 per kilowatt-hour, what is the present worth of the extra cost over a 3-year period to a manufacturing plant that uses 100,000 kWh of power per month? The interest rate is 12% per year compounded quarterly.arrow_forwardSome greenhouse gases, such as fluorocarbons (CFCs, HFCs, PFCs, etc.), are human-made. Others, such as water, methane, and carbon dioxide, are naturally produced. Which type of greenhouse gas (human-made or natural) is more difficult to control and eliminate? Which types are easier? In three to five sentences, provide evidence for your argument.arrow_forward
- How much of anthropogenic carbon is taken up by the oceans?arrow_forwardWhat is the meaning of feedback loop within the context of climate change? Describe how global warming is a positive feedback loop and the participation of greenhouse gases in that looparrow_forwardWrite the Lewis structures and give the electron-region geometry, molecular geometry, and bond angles, and the hybridization of the central atom of these polyatomic ions and molecules. (a) BrF2+ (b) OCCl2 (c) CH3+ (d) SeCS (e) CH3arrow_forward
- Give a brief awnser to: What is the reasoning behind natural global warming? What is the reasoning behind man-made global warming?arrow_forwardIdentify the dependent and independent variables for the following situations: water consumption and traffic flow.arrow_forwardWhat is the role of Chemistry in environmental protection?arrow_forward
- 1. Why is it difficult to implement renewable energy and how to implement it?arrow_forwardWhat factors need to be controlled to make sure the comparison between fuels is reliable?arrow_forwardDescribe the principle of electrostatic precipitator and cyclone separator. How these equipment/technology can be useful in mitigating source gaseous pollution from industry?arrow_forward
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