Chapter 21, Problem 21.43QP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The following terms nuclear fusion, thermonuclear reaction, Plasma should be define.

Concept Introduction:

Nuclear fusion: when two or more than two nuclei is joined together to form a bigger nuclei is called as nuclear fusion.

E.g.-Nuclear fusion occurs in the sun. That’s why sun has unlimited energy and so hot.

In nuclear fusion reaction the 4 hydrogen molecule combines to form 2 helium molecule with liberation of huge amount of energy.

Thermonuclear reaction:

The temperature and the densities required to produce a suitable rate of thermonuclear reaction.

Here all mater is completely ionized and also exist in the Plasma state.

Thermo nuclear fusion reaction must be occur within the ionized gas.

When matter is sufficient heated, fusion reactions occurs due to collision with extreme thermal kinetic energy of the particles.

Thermonuclear fusion energy has not yet to be achieved.

Plasma: Plasma is the state of matter that is a gaseous mixture of positive ions and electrons.

• A type of nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into lighter nuclei by bombardment of neutron is called nuclear fission reaction.
• As a result of nuclear fission reaction huge amount of energy is released with the photons and neutrons.
• Energy required to break the nucleus into its corresponding proton and neutron is called nuclear binding energy
• This quantity represents the conversion of mass to energy occurs during an exothermic reaction.
• Nuclear binding energy can be calculated by Einstein’s mass energy equivalence relationship that is,$\Delta E=\left(\Delta m\right)c^2$

  Where, $\left(\Delta m\right)$ is called mass defect.

• The difference between mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its proton, electron, and neutron is called Mass defect

To determine: The following term are briefly explain with examples.