Chapter 21, Problem 36P

A cladogram (not drawn to scale) for the taxonomic family Hominidae is shown here. The numbers 1–10 represent evolutionary lineages or events. The letters A–F represent entries from the following list:

Homo neanderthalensis

Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees)

Homo sapiens (African Bantu)

Homo sapiens (European Danish)3

Homo sapiens (Native American Hopi)

Homo sapiens (Asian Uighurs)

a.	Match the entries in the preceding list with an appropriate letter from the cladogram. Two of the groups in the list are equivalent on this diagram; either possibility is correct.
b.	One evolutionary divergence is indicated with a small arrow. Describe this divergence and estimate how many years ago it occurred based on Fig. 21.19.
c.	Six SNPs (α, β, γ, δ, Ɛ, and ζ) are sequenced in several individuals in each of the six groups; the allele frequencies are given in the table that follows. At the bottom of each column in the table, write a number from 1 to 10 (corresponding to a red number on the figure) that indicates where along the cladogram a mutation occurred that changed the allele in the common ancestor of all humans and chimps to a derived allele. One blank can be filled by either of two numbers; you only need to show one. Also indicate (in the last row at the bottom) the identity of the allele found in the common ancestor, or write can’t tell