Loose-leaf Version for What Is Life? A Guide to Biology 4E & LaunchPad for What is Life? A Guide to Biology 4E (Twelve Month Access)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781319154639
Author: Jay Phelan
Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Co
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Chapter 21, Problem 7MC
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Organisms that regulate their internal environment have a set point for their internal conditions.
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Define homeostasis. What happens when homeostasis fails?
List the three basic components of a control system and give an example.
Describe the components of a reflex pathway. Contrast the response loop and the feedback loop.
Explain the relationship between a regulated physiological variable and its setpoint. Is the physiological variable
exactly at its setpoint?
Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback. Give a biological example of each.
Is the setpoint constant or can it change over time? If setpoints can change over time, what is this called?
Chapter 2:
Give an example of a feedback mechanism in the human body. Explain your example briefly. Make sure to identify the type of feedback (negative or positive), the receptor, the control center and the effector.
Which of the following is incorrect?a. Equilibrium requires a constant input of energy.b. Positive feedback is less common in nature than negative feedback.c. Homeostasis does not imply that a given variable is unchanging.d. Fever is an example of resetting a set point.e. Efferent pathways carry information away from the integrating center of a reflex arc.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Loose-leaf Version for What Is Life? A Guide to Biology 4E & LaunchPad for What is Life? A Guide to Biology 4E (Twelve Month Access)
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- The hormone aldosterone regulates blood pressure through: A. Reabsorption of sodium. B. Secretion of sodium C. Reabsorption of potassium D. Secretion of potassium E. Secretion of calcium Why does a hormone (for example, epinephrine) generate different reactions in different target cells (for example, in smooth muscle cells)? A. Because the reaction of the cell depends on the amount of the hormone. B. Because of the influence of environment on the cell; for example, body temperature. C. Because cells have different receptor proteins; say, α-and β-receptors. D. It depends on the circumstances; sometimes cell reacts one way, sometimes another. E It depends on the influence of other surrounding cells.arrow_forwardIn describing a positive feedback loop, which of the following would be true? a) the sensor and control center are always the same b) the effector signals the control center to shut off the initial stimulus c) the effect shuts off the initial stimulus d) the effect amplifies the initial stimuarrow_forwardExplain why stabilizing mechanisms are called negative feedback.arrow_forward
- Using your knowledge of the heart, blood vessels and factors affecting blood pressure, create a possible reflex control/feedback loop that would occur if a person's blood pressure suddenly decreases. Include all of the elements of a feedback loop. Your answer can simply be a list of steps that would occur, but make sure to indicate all of the elements of a feedback loop. This does not to be extremely detailed, I am looking for the elements of the feedback loop and to see that you understand the factors affecting blood pressure. I will start the loop: 1. Stimulus: Drop in blood pressure.arrow_forward1) As a physiologist, which of the following terms should you immediately associate with negative feedback regulation? Answer choices Constancy Relative constancy Relative constancy in interstitial fluid Relative constancy in intracellular fluid 2) Which of the following is true about physiological set-points? Answer choices They act as the integrating center in a negative feedback arc They represent the internal environment They are determined by the actions of the receptors and integrating centers They are constant They act as the effector in a negative feedback arc 3) What is the general purpose of negative feedback mechanisms? Answer choice a. to maintain a constant internal environment b. To anticipate changes in the environment c. To return a variable to its set-point d. To bring about the rapid change of a variable e. To detect changes in the external environmentarrow_forwardIn the absence of any environmental cues, a circadian rhythm is said to bea. entrained.b. in phase.c. free running.d. phase-shifted.e. no longer present.arrow_forward
- Organismal homeostasis depends upon the presence of control systems. Give a physiological example of a negative feedback control system its positive feedback. Clearly describe the role(s) that each of the following elements plays in all control systems: such as controller, effector and receptor.arrow_forwardYou have to identify the following:1. The negative feedback condition/mechanism2. The four components of a negative feedbackloop:A. stimulusB. sensorC. control centerD. effector3. Explain what would happen to eachcomponent if a secretion became too great.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true of positive feedback? a. The change is opposite that of negative feedback b. The effector turns off the response c. The change is amplified What is the difference between the answers a & b?arrow_forward
- Regarding question "Which of the following is true of positive feedback?" the answers A. the change is opposite that of negative feedback and B. The change is amplified; how do these 2 answers differ from one another? Aren't they both true?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is comparable to a positive feedback cycle? a) opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in response to an action potential arriving at the axon terminal b) opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels in response to a depolarizing graded potential c) movement of K+ through leak channels d) operation of the Na+-K+ ATPase at rest e) opening of voltage-gated K+ channels in response to a depolarizing graded potentialarrow_forwardThe fight-or-flight reaction prepares an animal to Pesponu Lu a threatening situation, by either fighting or running away. One aspect of this response is changes in blood flow such that the skeletal muscles and heart receive higher blood flow (vessels dilate) while digestive organs receive less (vessels constrict). A) Which signal molecule(s) is/are involved in this response, and how do they produce these changes in blood vessels? Briefly explain how this example illustrates how different cells are able to use the same ligands in different ways.arrow_forward
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