Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21.6, Problem 1CR
Summary Introduction
Calcium and silica cycles are important cycles of aquatic environment, mainly in oceans which act as major reserves of these calcium and silica. In marine environment, these elements get incorporated into the exoskeletons of various microbes.
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The chemical representation of algae is C106H263O110N16P. The Gulf of Mexico contains 0.2 mg/L of nitrogen and 0.08 mg/L of phosphorus.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 21.1 - How is new organic matter made in nature?Ch. 21.1 - In what ways are oxygenic photosynthesis and...Ch. 21.1 - What is a methane hydrate?Ch. 21.1 - The oxygen and carbon cycles are interconnected...Ch. 21.2 - Why does Syntrophomonas need a partner organism in...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.2 - What is the final product of acetogenesis?Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.3 - What is nitrogen fixation and why is it important...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2MQ
Ch. 21.3 - How does the compound nitrapyrin benefit both...Ch. 21.3 - The principal form of nitrogen on Earth is N2,...Ch. 21.4 - Is H2S a substrate or a product of the...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.4 - Prob. 3MQCh. 21.4 - Bacteria play major roles in both the oxidative...Ch. 21.5 - In what oxidation state is Fe in Fe(OH)3? In FeS?...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.5 - Why is excreted organic matter important to many...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.6 - How does the formation of CaCO3 skeletons by...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.7 - What forms of mercury are most toxic to organisms?Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 21.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.8 - What is the greenhouse effect and what causes it?Ch. 21.8 - What is the fate of most nitrogen used in...Ch. 21.8 - Why are the OMZs expanding and what are the likely...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21 - Compare and contrast the carbon, sulfur, and...Ch. 21 - 14C-labeled cellulose is added to a vial...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3AQ
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- Although chemoautotrophs serve as the primary producers near hydrothermal vents, animals there still ultimately depend on the photosynthetic activities of plants and cyanobacteria. Why?arrow_forwardHow does the ocean remove carbon dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere? What role do tiny marine organisms, such as foraminifera, play in the removal of carbon dioxide?arrow_forwardWhy are phytoplankton, and not benthic algae or rootedaquatic plants, the dominant photosynthetic organismsof the oceanic pelagic zone? (See Figure 52.15.)arrow_forward
- Why are phytoplankton, and not benthic algae or rooted aquatic plants, the dominant photosynthetic organisms of the oceanic pelagic zone?arrow_forwardOxygen is necessary for the evolution of complex forms of life, What organisms were responsible for changing the carbon cycle by producing oxygen. What was a (likely) major negative consequence of that? Lastly, what is the geological evidence that large quantities of oxygen were produced billions of years ago?arrow_forwardScientific evidence indicates that the CO2CO2added to the air by the burning of wood and fossil fuels is contributing to global warming, a rise in global temperature. Tropical rain forests are estimated to be responsible for approximately 20% of global photosynthesis, yet the consumption of large amounts of CO2CO2 by living trees is thought to make little or no netcontribution to reduction of global warming. Explain why this might be the case. (HINT: What processes in both living and dead trees produce CO2CO2?)arrow_forward
- In a seagrass ecosystem, nutrients limit primary production under low nutrient (oligotrophic) condition, while light becomes the limiting factor under high nutrient (eutrophic) condition. Discuss how this happens with respect to the three primary producers (seagrass, macroalgae, phytoplankton) as the condition changes from oligotrophic to eutrophic.arrow_forwardWhy is carbon important to life? What is the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle? What is the role of cellular respiration in the carbon cycle? How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the carbon cycle? How do death and decomposition contribute to the carbon cycle? Why is nitrogen important to life? How much of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas? Why is N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) not usable by most organisms? What organisms are responsible for nitrogen fixation? How do plants receive the nitrogen that they require? Why are bacteria essential to the carbon and nitrogen cycles?qarrow_forwardIt is not so difficult to imagine what it means to feedon the organic molecules that living things produce. Thatis, after all, what we do. But what does it mean to “feed” onsunlight, as phototrophs do? Or, even stranger, to “feed” onrocks, as lithotrophs do? Where is the “food,” for example,in the mixture of chemicals (H2S, H2, CO, Mn+, Fe2+, Ni2+,CH4, and NH4+) that spews from a hydrothermal vent?arrow_forward
- Carbon can be sequestered in the ocean in a variety of forms. Discuss the different forms, their biological sources, and how global warming will influence themarrow_forwardClimate change and global warming patterns have caused ocean temperatures to increase over the last 50 years. How would the researchers algae farm help fight climate change? What would be the advantage of the algae farm beyond the production of biofuel?arrow_forwardWhy is carbon dioxide the focus of so much attention regarding climate change? What are the main sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and what can we do to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Bring into your discussion the carbon cycle, a discussion of Venus and Mercury, the evidence for human impact on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and its impact on climate (refer to any graphs you need to), and ways in which scientists have recommended limiting climate change.arrow_forward
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