(a)
To define: The terms glucose, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glucagon, and glycolysis and the relation between them.
Introduction:
Anabolic pathway is associated with the synthesis of large molecules and catabolic pathway is associated with the breakdown of large molecules.
(b)
To determine: The terms shivering thermogenesis, non-shivering thermogenesis, and diet-induced thermogenesis and the relation between them.
Introduction: Homeostasis is the mechanism of the body by which it maintains a constant temperature throughout the body.
(c)
To determine: The terms lipoproteins, chylomicrons, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and apoproteins and the relation between them.
Introduction: Proteins are the large, complex
(d)
To determine: The terms direct and indirect calorimetry and the relation between them.
Introduction: Metabolic rate defines the rate of metabolism. It the amount of energy used by a living organism per unit of time.
(e)
To determine: The terms conductive heat loss, radiant heat loss, convective heat loss, and evaporative heat loss and the relation between them.
Introduction: Heat loss from the body takes place by radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
(f)
To determine: The terms absorptive and postabsorptive states and the relation between them.
Introduction: Metabolism is defined as the all chemical reactions that takes place in the body. The metabolic pathway that synthesizes large molecules from smaller ones is known as an anabolic pathway. The pathway that breaks a large molecule into smaller one is called catabolic pathway.
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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: AN INTEG ACCESS C
- The first step in glycogenolysis (or the catabolism of glycogen) is the formation of: O A) fructose-1-phosphate. ○ B) fructose-6-phosphate. O C) glucose-1-phosphate. ◇ D) glucose-6-phosphate.arrow_forwardChoose the correct answer: 1- Regarding to glycogen metabolism, which of the following statements about is correct : A) A key step in the synthesis of glycogen is the formation of UDP-glucose.B) Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and brain.C) Glucagon increases the synthesis of glycogen.D) In muscle in the fasting state, glycogen is broken down to glucose 6-phosphate, thenfree glucose.E) Insulin inhibits the synthesis of glycogen. 2- Glycogenesis is initiated by: A) UDP-glucose.B) glycogenin.C) glucose-6-phosphate.D) glucose.arrow_forwardDescribe the breakdown of sucrose in the body and the revelant pathways of the byproducts. In the breakdown, be sure to use the following terms: active site, disaccharide, enzyme-substrate complex, fructose, glucose, glycosidic bond, hydrolysis, product, substrate, sucrase (the enzyme that splits sucrose), and sucrose. Also explain what happens to glucose and fructose in the liver.arrow_forward
- The dietary technique designed to increase the glycogen content in both the liver and muscles in an attempt to delay the oneset of fatigue is referred to as all of the following excpet a) glycogen loading B) glycogen supercompensation C) gluose loading D) carbohydrate loadingarrow_forward1) An average middle-aged person weighing 90 kg (200 lb.) contains 15 % body fat stored in adipose tissue. a) Calculate the amount of energy stored as fat in this person in kilojoules, assuming that energy yield from fat is 37 kJ/g. b) If this same amount of energy were stored in hydrated glycogen rather than fat (hydrated glycogen has an energy yield of 6 kJ/g), how much would the person weight in kilograms and in pounds?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true? a) High insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in muscle b) High insulin/glucagon ratio inhibits lipolysis in liver c) High insulin/glucagon d) Low insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytes ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytesarrow_forward
- 1) Gluconeogenesis refers to ________. A) the breakdown of glycogen B) the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources C) the formation of glycogen. D) splitting of glucose to pyruvate E) fermentation of glucose to ethanol 3) Glycogenesis refers to ________. A) the breakdown of glycogen B) the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources C) the formation of glycogen D) splitting of glucose to pyruvate E) fermentation of glucose to ethanol 3) Ketosis is a condition that can occur if A) ketone bodies instead of glucose are used for energy. B) too many ketones are ingested. C) too much protein is available in the diet. D) the brain is starved of glucose. E) low fat intake occurs.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a true statement? A.) the resting skeletal muscle mostly produces energy by aerobic respiration B.) the development of the adipose tissue is influenced by the level circulating fatty acids C.) adiponectin is the only adipokine that can prevent or mitigate the effects of type 2 diabetes D.) Ghrelin is the direct link between the emptiness of the stomach and the sensation of hunger E.) all of the abovearrow_forwardWhat is the reason that amino acid degradation spikes approximately 24 hours after starting a fast? (A) The brain adapts to using ketone bodies, and amino acids serve as the primary precursors for ketone bodies.(B) Red blood cells begin using amino acids to drive their citric acid cycle.(C) Amino acids are broken down and used to replenish glycogen. (D) The liver needs to make glucose for brain and RBCs, and amino acids provide the carbon skeleton for gluconeogenesis.(E) The ammonia released from amino acid breakdown is a substrate for b-oxidation, which increases during prolonged fasting.arrow_forward
- Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) hydrolyzes a fatty acyl group from: A) monoacylglycerol. B) diacylglycerol. C) triacylglycerol. D) A and C. E) B and C.arrow_forwardWhich of the following processes would happen on a large scale during starvation (and not in a person who eats regularly)? Chylomicrons deliver lipids to adipose (fat) cells Gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney; glucose is secreted into blood Protein catabolism in muscle cells; liberated amino acids are funneled into the Krebs cycle Triglycerides previously stored in adipose tissue undergo lipolysis; glycerol is used by the liver for gluconeogenesisarrow_forwardThe synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates is called (a) glycolysis. (b) lipolysis. (c) gluconeogenesis. (d) beta-oxidation.arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning