Astronomy
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168284
Author: Andrew Fraknoi; David Morrison; Sidney C. Wolff
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 22, Problem 31E
Stars that have masses approximately 0.8 times the mass of the Sun take about 18 billion years to turn into red giants. How does this compare to the current age of the universe? Would you expect to find a globular cluster with a main-sequence turnoff for stars of 0.8 solar mass or less? Why or why not?
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If you assume that a globular cluster 6 arc minutes in diameter is actually 27 pc in diameter, how far away is it? (Hint: Use the small-angle formula.)
Chapter 22 Solutions
Astronomy
Ch. 22 - Compare the following stages in the lives of a...Ch. 22 - What is the first event that happens to a star...Ch. 22 - Astronomers find that 90% of the stars observed in...Ch. 22 - Describe the evolution of a star with a mass...Ch. 22 - Describe the evolution of a star with a mass...Ch. 22 - A star is often described as “moving” on an HR...Ch. 22 - On which edge of the main sequence band on an HR...Ch. 22 - How do stars typically “move” through the main...Ch. 22 - Certain stars, like Betelgeuse, have a lower...Ch. 22 - Gravity always tries to collapse the mass of a...
Ch. 22 - Why are star clusters so useful for astronomers...Ch. 22 - Would the Sun more likely have been a member of a...Ch. 22 - Suppose you were handed two HR diagrams for two...Ch. 22 - Referring to the HR diagrams in Exercise 22.13,...Ch. 22 - The nuclear process for fusing helium into carbon...Ch. 22 - Pictures of various planetary nebulae show a...Ch. 22 - Describe the two “recycling” mechanisms that are...Ch. 22 - In which of these star groups would you mostly...Ch. 22 - Explain how an HR diagram of the stars in a...Ch. 22 - Where did the carbon atoms in the trunk of a tree...Ch. 22 - What is a planetary nebula? Will we have one...Ch. 22 - Is the Sun on the zero-age main sequence? Explain...Ch. 22 - How are planetary nebulae comparable to a...Ch. 22 - Which of the planets in our solar system have...Ch. 22 - Would you expect to find an earthlike planet (with...Ch. 22 - In the HR diagrams for some young clusters, stars...Ch. 22 - If the Sun were a member of the cluster NGC 2264,...Ch. 22 - If all the stars in a cluster have nearly the same...Ch. 22 - Suppose a star cluster were at such a large...Ch. 22 - Suppose an astronomer known for joking around told...Ch. 22 - Stars that have masses approximately 0.8 times the...Ch. 22 - Automobiles are often used as an analogy to help...Ch. 22 - The text says a star does not change its mass very...Ch. 22 - The text explains that massive stars have shorter...Ch. 22 - You can use the equation in Exercise 22.34 to...Ch. 22 - You can estimate the age of the planetary nebula...Ch. 22 - If star A has a core temperature T, and star B has...
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- In the HR diagrams for some young clusters, stars of both very low and very high luminosity are off to the right of the main sequence, whereas those of intermediate luminosity are on the main sequence. Can you offer an explanation for that? Sketch an HR diagram for such a cluster.arrow_forwardIf the Sun were a member of the cluster NGC 2264, would it be on the main sequence yet? Why or why not?arrow_forwardYou can use the equation in Exercise 22.34 to estimate the approximate ages of the clusters in Figure 22.10, Figure 22.12, and Figure 22.13. Use the information in the figures to determine the luminosity of the most massive star still on the main sequence. Now use the data in Table 18.3 to estimate the mass of this star. Then calculate the age of the cluster. This method is similar to the procedure used by astronomers to obtain the ages of clusters, except that they use actual data and model calculations rather than simply making estimates from a drawing. How do your ages compare with the ages in the text? Figure 22.10 NGC 2264 HR Diagram. Compare this HR diagram to that in Figure 22.8; although the points scatter a bit more here, the theoretical and observational diagrams are remarkably, and satisfyingly, similar. Figure 22.12 Cluster M41. (a) Cluster M41 is older than NGC 2264 (see Figure 22.10) and contains several red giants. Some of its more massive stars are no longer close to the zero-age main sequence (red line). (b) This ground-based photograph shows the open cluster M41. Note that it contains several orange-color stars. These are stars that have exhausted hydrogen in their centers, and have swelled up to become red giants. (credit b: modification of work by NOAO/AURA/NSF) Figure 22.13 HR Diagram for an Older Cluster. We see the HR diagram for a hypothetical older cluster at an age of 4.24 billion years. Note that most of the stars on the upper part of the main sequence have turned off toward the red-giant region. And the most massive stars in the cluster have already died and are no longer on the diagram. Characteristics of Main-Sequence Starsarrow_forward
- Why is star formation more likely to occur in cold molecular clouds than in regions where the temperature of the interstellar medium is several hundred thousand degrees?arrow_forwardConsider the following five kinds of objects: open cluster, giant molecular cloud, globular cluster, group of O and B stars, and planetary nebulae. A. Which occur only in spiral arms? B. Which occur only in the parts of the Galaxy other than the spiral arms? C. Which are thought to be very young? D. Which are thought to be very old? E. Which have the hottest stars?arrow_forwardIf most stars become white dwarfs at the ends of their lives and the formation of white dwarfs is accompanied by the production of a planetary nebula, why are there more white dwarfs than planetary nebulae in the Galaxy?arrow_forward
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