ESSENTIALS OF GENETICS-W/MOD.ACCESS
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134452876
Author: KLUG
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 22, Problem 5PDQ
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The use of nucleotide sequence data to measure genetic variabilityis complicated by the fact that the genes of many eukaryotesare complex in organization and contain 5' and 3' flankingregions as well as introns. Researchers have compared thenucleotide sequence of two cloned alleles of the y-globin gene from asingle individual and found a variation of 1 percent. Those differencesinclude 13 substitutions of one nucleotide for anotherand three short DNA segments that have been inserted in oneallele or deleted in the other. None of the changes takes placein the gene’s exons (coding regions). Why do you think this isso, and should it change our concept of genetic variation?
Blue eye color allele (b) is recessive to the dominant to the black eye color allele (B). When we sequence around the locus of the blue gene from 10 pure breed species and 10 black pure breed species we notice difference in dna sequence. The black eye species have short tandem repeat (STR), which is a short DNA sequence that is repeated 6 times in the species with blue eyes, and 10 times in the species with black eyes. These repeats are only 4 cM apart from the orange gene locus. You design a PC test that distinguishes between the 6 and 10 STRs by electrophoresis.
Make pedigree that will let us to identify which alleles of the blue gene was the dominant and or recessive?
In a study of a muscle disorder, several affected families exhibited vision problems, muscle weakness, and deafness (M. Zeviani et al. 1990. American Journal of Human Genetics 47:904–914). Analysis of the mtDNA from affected members of these families revealed that large numbers of their mtDNA molecules possessed deletions of varying lengths. Different members of the same family and even different mitochondria from the same person possessed deletions of different sizes, so the underlying defect appeared to be a tendency for the mtDNA of affected persons to have deletions. A pedigree of one of the families studied is shown below. The researchers concluded that this disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and they mapped the diseasecausing gene to a position on chromosome 10 in the nucleus.
Q. What characteristics of the pedigree rule out inheritance of a trait encoded by a gene in the mtDNA as the cause of this disorder?
Chapter 22 Solutions
ESSENTIALS OF GENETICS-W/MOD.ACCESS
Ch. 22 - CASE STUDY |An unexpected outcome A newborn...Ch. 22 - CASE STUDY |Anunexpected outcome A newborn...Ch. 22 - CASE STUDY|An unexpected outcome A newborn...Ch. 22 - HOW DO WE KNOW? Population geneticists study...Ch. 22 - Review the Chapter Concepts on page 441. All these...Ch. 22 -
3. Price et al. (1999. J. Bacteriol. 181:...Ch. 22 -
4. The genetic difference between two Drosophila...Ch. 22 - The use of nucleotide sequence data to measure...Ch. 22 - Calculate the frequencies of the AA, Aa, and aa...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7PDQ
Ch. 22 -
8. What must be assumed in order to validate the...Ch. 22 - In a population where only the total number of...Ch. 22 -
10. If 4 percent of a population in equilibrium...Ch. 22 -
11. Consider a population in which the frequency...Ch. 22 - If the initial allele frequencies are p = 0.5 and...Ch. 22 -
13. Under what circumstances might a lethal...Ch. 22 - Assume that a recessive autosomal disorder occurs...Ch. 22 -
15. One of the first Mendelian traits identified...Ch. 22 -
16. Describe how populations with substantial...Ch. 22 - Achondroplasia is a dominant trait that causes a...Ch. 22 -
18. A recent study examining the mutation rates...Ch. 22 - A form of dwarfism known as Ellis–van Creveld...Ch. 22 -
20. List the barriers that prevent interbreeding...Ch. 22 - What are the two groups of reproductive isolating...Ch. 22 - Prob. 22PDQCh. 22 -
23. In a recent study of cichlid fish inhabiting...Ch. 22 - What genetic changes take place during speciation?Ch. 22 - Some critics have warned that the use of gene...Ch. 22 - Comparisons of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA with...
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- In a study of a muscle disorder, several affected families exhibited vision problems, muscle weakness, and deafness (M. Zeviani et al. 1990. American Journal of Human Genetics 47:904–914). Analysis of the mtDNA from affected members of these families revealed that large numbers of their mtDNA molecules possessed deletions of varying lengths. Different members of the same family and even different mitochondria from the same person possessed deletions of different sizes, so the underlying defect appeared to be a tendency for the mtDNA of affected persons to have deletions. A pedigree of one of the families studied is shown below. The researchers concluded that this disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and they mapped the diseasecausing gene to a position on chromosome 10 in the nucleus. Q. Explain how a mutation in a nuclear gene might lead to deletions in mtDNA.arrow_forwardIn addition to physical traits, gene sequences can be used when comparing related species. Instead of looking for the presence or absence of a specific gene, you would look at the percent similarity between the same gene in two or more species. Therefore, it is important to select a gene that contains a similar DNA gene sequence in each of the species being compared. Certain genes are involved in processes that are required for basic cellular function. As these processes are critical to cell function, the genes that regulate them are highly conserved, meaning that they have remained essentially unchanged over time. Glycolysis is one such process that is critical for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis involves converting glucose into pyruvate in order to generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Because glycolysis is an essential process for all species, the genes involved are therefore highly conserved. You will be looking at similarities among different taxa of the highly conserved…arrow_forwardOne particularly useful feature of the Hardy-Weinberg equation is that it allows us to estimate the frequency of heterozygotes for recessive genetic diseases, assuming that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium exists. As an example, let’s consider cystic fibrosis, which is a human genetic disease involving a gene that encodes a chloride transporter. Persons with this disorder have an irregularity in salt and water balance. One of the symptoms is thick mucus in the lungs that can contribute to repeated lung infections. In populations of Northern European descent, the frequency of affected individuals is approximately 1 in 2500. Because this is a recessive disorder, affected individuals are homozygotes. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous carriers?arrow_forward
- The human MN blood group is determined by alleles (M and N) of a single gene that code for twO specific markers found on the surface of red blood cells. These alleles show a codominant pattern of expression. Blood typing of one family shows that the offspring all have the genotype MN. What are the most probable genotypes of the parents in this family? A)MM and NN B)ONN and MN C)MN and MN D)MM and MNarrow_forwardWhen an Avidian (with a genome size of 50 sites) reproduces with a 10% per site mutation rate, and if the number of mutations per genome is Poisson distributed, then what is the most likely outcome? Possible answers: 4 per genome is most likely, 5 per genome is most likely, 4 mutations per genome and 5 mutations per genome are equally likely, A number other than 4 and/or 5 mutations per genome is most likelyarrow_forwardFor three years, Gunther Schlager and Margaret Dickie estimated theforward and reverse mutation rates for five loci in mice that encodevarious aspects of coat color by examining more than 5 million mice forspontaneous mutations (G. Schlager and M. M. Dickie. 1966. Science151:205–206). They detected the following numbers of mutations at thedilute locus: Gametes examined Mutations detectedForwardmutations 260,675 5Reversemutations 583,360 2 Calculate the forward and reverse mutation rates at this locus. If thesemutations rates are representative of rates in natural populations of mice,what would the expected equilibrium frequency of dilute mutations be?arrow_forward
- Recently, scientists have identified a mutation that is found at high frequency in Finnish populations, located in northern Europe where the winter is very cold. This mutation is believed to be a “cold sensitive” allele that warns people of extreme cold temperatures. Could this allele have undergone a “selective sweep”, if it had suddenly appeared in this northern population of humans? How would such a selective sweep be detected with genome data?arrow_forwardConsider the case of a hypothetical genetic disease called WhySciEleven (WSE), an inherited disease that results to the inability to complete production of an amino acid “moduleactivity” that results in brain damage if untreated. WSE is due to a recessive allele. Given one WSE occurrence per 10,000 births. Which term in the Hardy-Weinberg equation corresponds to the frequency of individuals who have no alleles for the disease WSE? a. p b. 2pq c. p2 d. q2arrow_forwardA neutral mutation arises in a diploid population of 10,000 individuals. Use this information to answer the following questions. a) What is the probability that the neutral allele goes to fixation? b) Assuming that the neutral mutation eventually goes to fixation, what is the expected time to fixation (in generations)?arrow_forward
- Microbiologists have discovered that alleles associated with antibiotic resistance are present in bacteria that live in soil, even in environments that are comparatively free of antibiotic pollution from human activities. Why are such alleles present (albeit at low levels) in bacterial populations? Conversely, if resistance alleles are beneficial, why are they rare in natural populations of bacteria?arrow_forwardA human gene called the β-globin gene encodes a polypeptide that functions as a subunit of the protein known as hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen within red blood cells. In human populations, the β-globin gene can be found as the more common allele called the HbA allele, but it can also be found as theHbS allele. Individuals who have two copies of the HbS allele have the disease called sickle cell disease. Are the followingexamples a description of genetics at the molecular, cellular, organism, or population level?A. The HbS allele encodes a polypeptide that functions slightly differently from the polypeptide encoded by the HbA allele.B. If an individual has two copies of the HbS allele, that person’s red blood cells take on a sickle shape. C. Individuals who have two copies of the HbA allele do not have sickle cell disease, but they are not resistant to malaria. People who have one HbA allele and one HbS allele do not have sickle cell disease, and they are resistant to malaria.…arrow_forwardFor each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.arrow_forward
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