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Chapter 22, Problem 9SA
Summary Introduction

To analyze:

How the countercurrent exchange system improves the efficiency of gas exchange in fishes.

Introduction:

Gas exchange in fishes occurs at the lamellae of the gills, where blood capillaries are present.

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Define the term “exchange surface” and list four common features of gas-exchange organs in animals.
SOURCE: Gills are the main site of gas exchange in almost all fishes. The gills consist of bony or cartilaginously stiffened arches that anchor pairs of gill filaments. In sharks, the pairs of gill filaments are separated by a fleshy septum. The numerous, minute lamellae that protrude from both sides of each filament are the primary sites of gas exchange; however, not all the blood flow in the gills is directed to the lamellae. "Nonrespiratory basal blood channels or venolymphatic simuses may carry a significant fraction of the gall blood found that resting rainbow trout perfused approximately 58% of their lamellae with blood. Trout in hypoxic (low dissolved oxygen) water or injected with epinepherine (eg. simulating stress or excitement) perfused more than 70% of their lamellae. Conversely, injections of acetylcholine decreased perfused lamellae to approximately 43%. These results indicate that rainbow trout can increase the number of lamellae that are used in respiration as the…
Using Daphnia and grasshoppers as specific examples, compare how aquatic arthropods accomplish gas exchange with how terrestrial arthropods accomplish gas exchange?
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