Concept explainers
a.
To evaluate: The reason behind the harm done to Firm ABC by the default as per the given information.
Introduction:
PVIFA: It is an acronym for the present value interest factor of the
b.
To compute: The market value of the loss incurred by ABC as a result of the default.
Introduction:
PVIFA: It is an acronym for the present value interest factor of the
c.
To evaluate: The treatment of swap in case of reorganization of the firm if ABC has gone bankrupt.
Introduction:
Swap: By swapping, the companies are benefitted by hedging against interest rate exposure. This is possible only when the uncertainty of cash flows is reduced.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 23 Solutions
EBK INVESTMENTS
- Kitwe Corporation has invested R50m in bonds issued by Mochudi Minerals Exploration. Kitwe is somehow worried that Mochudi Minerals Exploration may be facing a financial crisis. Therefore, Kitwe buys R50m worth of CDS protection on Mochudi Minerals Exploration debt for two years from Peoples Bank at a premium of 200 bps (2%) per annum. Explain scenarios of default and no default.arrow_forwardSuppose you have a 2.5-year remaining on an interest rate swap with a notionalprincipal of $10, 000, 000 between Company A and Company B. Company A pays fixed rateand Company B pays the float rate. Fixed and float payments are exchanged every year andthe last payment was exchanged 6 months ago. The fixed rate is 3.5% per annum, and thefloating rate is tied to the annual LIBOR. The previous 1-year LIBOR rate, set 6 months ago,is 2.75%, 6 month LIBOR is 3.25%. the 1.5-year LIBOR is 3.25%, and the 2.5-year LIBOR is3.50%.Calculate the present value of the fixed and floating legs of the swap, and determine the swap’snet present value from Company A’s perspective. Assume annual compounding for discounting.arrow_forwardAn investment bank sells securities under a repurchase agreement for $800.438 million and buys them back in 7 days for $800.568 million. What is the repo's single payment yield?Report your answer in % to the nearest 0.01%;arrow_forward
- Millikin Corporation decided to hedge two transactions. The first transaction is a forecasted transaction to buy 500 tons of inventory in 60 days. The company was concerned that selling prices might increase, and it acquired a 60-day option to buy inventory at a price of $1,200 per ton. Upon acquiring the option, the company paid a premium of $10 per ton when the spot price was $1,201. At the end of 30 days, the option had a value of $19 per ton and a current spot price of $1,214 per ton. Upon expiration of the option, the spot price was $1,216 per ton. In another transaction, the company borrowed $3,000,000 at a fixed rate of 8%; after three months, the company became concerned that variable rates would be lower than 8%. In response, the company entered into an interest rate swap whereby it paid variable rates to a counterparty in exchange for a fixed rate of 8%. The reset rate for the first 30 days of the swap was 8.1% and was 7.8% for the second 30 days of the swap. The fair value…arrow_forwardAy 2. Suppose two firms enter into a 4-year credit default swap on in March 2021. Assume the notional principal is $125 million and the buyer agrees to pay 80 basis points per annum with payments being made quarterly. How much is each quarterly payment for the buyer and how much will the buyer pay after four years of quarterly payments if there is no credit event?arrow_forwardCommercial bank A and Savings bank B entered into a swap contract. The swap has a notional principal amount of $200 million and calls for Commercial Bank A to make annual floating interest rate payment of LIBOR minus 0.75% to Savings Bank B. In return, Savings Bank B pays fixed 8% interest rate to Commercial Bank A. If LIBOR is 8%, what is the net payment?arrow_forward
- ! Required information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $102, 000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR +3%. The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning of period rates. The SOFR rates on…arrow_forwardDelta Company issues 10,000,000 variable-rate debt at par with a coupon rate of 6% on 1/1/X1 that pays interest quarterly and enters into an interest-rate swap that is used to hedge the debt to produce fixed-rate debt. The swap has a fair value of zero initially. The swap resets each quarter on the last day of the quarter and is perfectly effective. At 12/31/X1 the variable rate changes to 6.5%, which will cause a change in fair value of the derivative. Prepare any journal entries for 12/31/X1 & prepare any journal entries for 3/31/X2. 6.00% Swap Change Date Interest paid Fair value debt Fair value fair values Net cash 12/31/X1 $150,000 $10,000,000 $174,900 $174,900 $0 3/31/X2 $162,500 $10,000,000 $165,200 ($9,700) $12,500arrow_forwardmazon corporation and Microsoft corporation agree to enter an interest swap agreement with a nominal value of $1,000,000. The two companies enter into two-year interest rate swap contract with the specified nominal value of $1,000,000. Amazon corporation offers Microsoft corporation a fixed rate of 5% in exchange for receiving a floating rate of the LIBOR rate plus 1%. The current LIBOR rate at the beginning of the interest rate swap agreement is 4%. a) If LIBOR rate increases to 5.25% by the end of the first year what are the payment due between both companies? Assume interest payment will be made annually and the floating rate for Microsoft corporation will be calculated using the prevailing LIBOR rate at the time that interest payments are due. b) Critically evaluate interest rate swap agreements focusing on their significance and advantages in financial management.arrow_forward
- On June 1, Maxwell Corporation (a U.S.-based company) sold goods to a foreign customer at a price of 1,140,000 pesos and will receive payment in three months on September 1. On June 1, Maxwell acquired an option to sell 1,140,000 pesos in three months at a strike price of $0.080. The time value of the option is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, and the change in time value is recognized in net income over the life of the option. Relevant exchange rates and option premia for the peso are as follows: Date Spot Rate Put Option Premiumfor September 1(strike price $0.080) June 1 $ 0.080 $ 0.0043 June 30 0.079 0.0031 September 1 0.078 N/A Maxwell must close its books and prepare its second-quarter financial statements on June 30. a-1. Assuming that Maxwell designates the foreign currency option as a cash flow hedge of a foreign currency receivable, prepare journal entries for the export sale and related hedge in U.S. dollars. a-2.…arrow_forwardOn January 1, 20X1, Novak, Inc., enters into an interest rate swap and agrees to receive fixed and pay variable on a notional amount of $5,000,000. The contract calls for cash settlement of the net interest amount at December 31 of each year. The yield curve is flat, and the agreement is to last until December 31, 20X9. Both the fixed annual rate and the variable annual rate at January 1, 20X1, are 7.00%. The variable interest rate is reset at the end of each year and becomes effective for the next year. On December 31, 20X1, the variable rate is reset to 8.00% per year, and on December 31, 20X2, the variable rate is reset to 5.00%. 1. Compute the fair value of the swap agreement at December 31, 20X1. Asset or a liability?2. Compute the fair value of the swap agreement at December 31, 20X2. Asset or a liability?arrow_forwardOn January 1, 20X1, Novak, Inc., enters into an interest rate swap and agrees to receive fixed and pay variable on a notional amount of $5,000,000. The contract calls for cash settlement of the net interest amount at December 31 of each year. The yield curve is flat, and the agreement is to last until December 31, 20X9. Both the fixed annual rate and the variable annual rate at January 1, 20X1, are 7.00%. The variable interest rate is reset at the end of each year and becomes effective for the next year. On December 31, 20X1, the variable rate is reset to 8.00% per year, and on December 31, 20X2, the variable rate is reset to 5.00%. Required: Compute the fair value of the swap agreement at December 31, 20X1. Be sure to indicate whether it is an asset or a liability. Compute the fair value of the swap agreement at December 31, 20X2. Be sure to indicate whether it is an asset or a liability.arrow_forward