Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781305445963
Author: PECK
Publisher: Cengage
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Textbook Question
Chapter 2.4, Problem 58E
The San Luis Obispo Tribune (May 7, 2002) reported that “a new analysis has found that in the majority of trials conducted by drug companies in recent decades, sugar pills have done as well as—or better than—antidepressants.” What effect is being described here? What does this imply about the design of experiments with a goal of evaluating the effectiveness of a new medication?
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A pharmaceutical company is testing a new drug for a rare disease. In a clinical trial, 1000 patients
with the disease were randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or a placebo. After one
year, it was found that 60% of the patients who received the new drug experienced improvement,
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In the early 1970s, a young man challenged an Oklahoma state law that prohibited the sale of 3.2% beer to males under age 21 but allowed its sale to females in the same age group. The case (Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 1976) was ultimately heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. The state of Oklahoma argued that the law improved traffic safety. One of the three main pieces of data presented to the court was the result of a “random roadside survey.” This survey gathered information on gender and whether or not the driver had been drinking alcohol in the previous 2 hours. A total of 619 drivers under 21 years of age were included in the survey.
The chi-square test statistic is approximately 1.64 for this data.
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State a conclusion at a 5% level of significance.
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See image.
This problem is based on information taken from The Merck Manual (a reference manual used in most medical and nursing schools). Diltiazem is a commonly prescribed drug for hypertension. However, diltiazem causes headaches in about 12% of patients using the drug. It is hypothesized that regular exercise might help reduce the headaches. If a random sample of 205 patients using diltiazem exercised regularly and only 15 had headaches, would this indicate a reduction in the population proportion of patients having headaches? Use a 1% level of significance.
1. What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answers to two decimal places.)
2. Find the P-value of the test statistic. (Round your answers to four decimal places.)
Chapter 2 Solutions
Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis
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- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardThis problem is based on information taken from The Merck Manual (a reference manual used in most medical and nursing schools). Diltiazem is a commonly prescribed drug for hypertension. However, diltiazem causes headaches in about 12% of patients using the drug. It is hypothesized that regular exercise might help reduce the headaches. If a random sample of 205 patients using diltiazem exercised regularly and only 18 had headaches, would this indicate a reduction in the population proportion of patients having headaches? Use a 1% level of significance. A-What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answers to two decimal places.) B- Find the P-value of the test statistic. (Round your answers to four decimal places.)arrow_forwardThis problem is based on information taken from The Merck Manual (a reference manual used in most medical and nursing schools). Diltiazem is a commonly prescribed drug for hypertension. However, diltiazem causes headaches in about 11% of patients using the drug. It is hypothesized that regular exercise might help reduce the headaches. If a random sample of 206 patients using diltiazem exercised regularly and only 17 had headaches, would this indicate a reduction in the population proportion of patients having headaches? Use a 1% level of significance. (a) What is the level of significance?State the null hypothesis H0 and the alternate hypothesis H1 . H0 : p H1 : p (b) What sampling distribution will you use? The standard normalThe Student's t since np and nq What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answers to two decimal places.)(c) Find the P-value of the test statistic. (Round your answers to four decimal…arrow_forward
- A researcher is interested in the impact of joining a weight loss program in the past 12 months on the individuals weight loss. The analysis is restricted to people aged 16 and older who answered yes to the question "During the past 12 months, have you tried to lose weight?" About 5% of the sample had joined a weight loss program in the past year. Below is a subset of some of the other variables included in the survey. Questions were asked about actions taken in the past 12 months. Which ones do you believe should be included as covariates? Provide a justification for your choice. Age BMI Gendere Height Average minutes of exercise per week whether they tried to eat less calories whether they tried to eat less fat whether they tried to eat less carbsarrow_forwardDoes this describe an observational study or an experiment? A group of students are told to listen to music while taking a test and their results are compared to a group not listening to music.arrow_forwardExercise 1. Association/Causation Fallacy. Write your own "attention-grabbing" headline and explain why it may be unwarranted. Note: All these studies were observational, they were not designed experiments. See (b) for a sample solution. "Study finds that your child's taller classmates are better readers!" Obvious confounder: the taller children tended to be older. Most likely, it was age, not height, that was driving this positive association. If the researchers had controlled for age, the association between height and reading ability would likely have disappeared. c) X=TVs per capita, Y = life expectancy, Sample = {27 developed and developing countries}. Finding: Positive association (i.e. more TV's corresponded with longer life expectancy)arrow_forward
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