Chapter 25, Problem 25.14SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of a saturated fat is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Saturated fats are those in which the bond between carbon and hydrogen molecules is saturated. They consist of a single bond between them. These fats are solid at room temperature.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of a saturated fat is shown in Figure 1.

Explanation of Solution

Saturated fats are those in which the bond between carbon and hydrogen molecules is saturated. They consist of a single bond between them. These fats are solid at room temperature.

An example of a saturated fat is tristearin. It is a triglyceride with chemical formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{57}}{\text{H}}_{\text{110}}{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}$. It is derived from three units of steric acid.

The structure of tristearin is shown below.

Figure 1

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of polyunsaturated oil is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Polyunsaturated fats are those in which the bond between carbon and hydrogen molecules is unsaturated. They consist of a double bond between them. These fats are liquid at room temperature.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of a polyunsaturated fat is shown in Figure 2.

Explanation of Solution

Polyunsaturated fats are those in which the bond between carbon and hydrogen molecules is unsaturated. They consist of a double bond between them. These fats are liquid at room temperature.

An example of a polyunsaturated fat is triolein. It is a triglyceride with chemical formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{57}}{\text{H}}_{\text{104}}{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}$. It is derived from three units of the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid and glycerol.

The structure of triolein is shown below.

Figure 2

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of wax is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Waxes occur widely in nature and are esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of a polyunsaturated fat is shown in Figure 3.

Explanation of Solution

Waxes occur widely in nature and are esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols.

An example of wax can be spermaceti. It helps animals to regulate the buoyancy for deep diving.

The structure of spermaceti is shown below.

Figure 3

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of soap is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of fatty acids with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of sodium salt of fatty acid and soap is the sodium salt of a fatty acid. The carboxylate group is negatively charged and is hydrophilic in nature, whereas long hydrocarbon is hydrophobic and lipophilic in nature.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of soap is shown in Figure 4.

Explanation of Solution

The reaction of fatty acids with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of sodium salt of fatty acid and soap is the sodium salt of a fatty acid. The carboxylate group is negatively charged and is hydrophilic in nature, whereas long hydrocarbon is hydrophobic and lipophilic in nature.

An example of soap is sodium stearate. The structure of sodium stearate is shown below.

Figure 4

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of detergent is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Synthetic detergents are the sodium salts of sulfonic acids. Carboxylic acid is less acidic than sulfonic acids; therefore salts of sulfonic acids do not protonate in acidic wash water. The salts of sulfonic acid are soluble in water and can be used in hard water without formation of scum.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of detergent is shown in Figure 5.

Explanation of Solution

Synthetic detergents are the sodium salts of sulfonic acids. Carboxylic acid is less acidic than sulfonic acids; therefore salts of sulfonic acids do not protonate in acidic wash water. The salts of sulfonic acid are soluble in water and can be used in hard water without formation of scum.

An example of detergent is alkylbenzenesulfonate. The structure of alkylbenzenesulfonate is shown below.

Figure 5

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of phospholipids is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Lipids that contain groups derived from phosphoric acid are phospholipids. The common phospholipids are phosphogylcerides. Generally it contains phosphoric acid in place of one fatty acids of a triglyceride.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of soap is shown in Figure 6.

Explanation of Solution

Lipids that contain groups derived from phosphoric acid are phospholipids. The common phospholipids are phosphogylcerides. Generally it contains phosphoric acid in place of one fatty acids of a triglyceride.

An example of phospholipids can be phosphatidic acids. The structure of phosphatidic acids is shown below.

Figure 6

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of prostaglandins is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Prostaglandins are the powerful biochemical regulators than steroids. These are the fatty derivatives and are isolated from the secretions of the prostate gland. They have an important role in regulating blood pressure, blood clotting.

They have cyclopentane ring with two long side chains that are trans to each other. And one side chain end with a carboxylic acid.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of prostaglandin is shown in Figure 7.

Explanation of Solution

Prostaglandins are the powerful biochemical regulators than steroids. These are the fatty derivatives and are isolated from the secretions of the prostate gland. They have an important role in regulating blood pressure, blood clotting.

They have cyclopentane ring with two long side chains that are trans to each other. And one side chain ends with a carboxylic acid.

The structure of prostaglandin is shown below.

Figure 7

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of steroid is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Steroids are the polycyclic molecules found in all plants and animals. They do not undergo hydrolysis; therefore they are classified as simple lipids. Their structure is based on the tetracyclic andostane ring.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of steroid is shown in Figure 8.

Explanation of Solution

Steroids are the polycyclic molecules found in all plants and animals. They do not undergo hydrolysis; therefore they are classified as simple lipids. Their structure is based on the tetracyclic andostane ring.

An example of steroid is androsterone. The structure of androsterone is shown below.

Figure 8

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of an example of sesquiterpene is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An isoprene unit is bunched of five-carbon atoms. In terpenes, the isoprene units are connected to each other in head to tail fashion. The head part of an isoprene unit is branched, whereas the tail part of an isoprene unit is unbranched.

Answer to Problem 25.14SP

The structure of an example of sesquiterpene is shown in Figure 9.

Explanation of Solution

An isoprene unit is bunched of five-carbon atoms. In terpenes, the isoprene units are connected to each other in head to tail fashion. The head part of an isoprene unit is branched, whereas the tail part of an isoprene unit is unbranched.

An example of sesquiterpene is $\beta -\text{selinene}$. The structure of $\beta -\text{selinene}$ is shown below.

Figure 9

There are three isoprene units in $\beta -\text{selinene}$. A terpene that has three isoprene units is known as sesquiterpene.