Concept explainers
Interpretation:
It should be explained that how signal amplification occurs and what it means for transmission of the signal to the sites of cellular activity.
Concept Introduction:
Hormones are chemical substances synthesized in small amounts by endocrine tissues and carried by blood stream to another tissue, where it acts as a messenger to regulate the function of the target tissue or organ.
cAMP is a cyclic
Secondary messengers are short lived intracellular signaling molecules. Elevated concentration of these type of messengers leads to rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes.
G-protein is a family of membrane proteins anchored to the membrane. They are named as G-proteins because of their interaction with guanine nucleotides. G –proteins functions as molecular switches; when it is bind with GTP they are “ON” and when with GDP they are “OFF”.
Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond. This enzyme plays a key role in regulating intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP and hence cell function.
In biology, signal amplification refers to the activation of increasing numbers of molecules downstream from the receptors.
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- Briefly describe what is signal amplification process using cAMP as the second messenger for examplearrow_forwardPathways involving G proteins provide an opportunityfor an increase in signal strength in the course of signaltransduction, a change referred to as amplification.How might this be beneficial in olfaction?arrow_forwardDraw a simple sketch illustrating signal amplification.arrow_forward
- Briefly describe how an enzyme-linked receptor carries the signal / information further into the cell.arrow_forwardWhy do different cells respond to the same stimulus in different ways? State three potential outcomes of signal transduction events.arrow_forwardSignal transduction pathways benefit cells for all of the following reasons except : a. they enable different cells to respond appropriately to the same signal. b. they can amplify and diversify a signal. c. they help cells use up phosphate generated by ATP breakdown. d. they help cells respond to signal molecules that are too large or too polar to cross the plasma membranearrow_forward
- Describe at least one mechanism that exists to switch off a signal after a signal transduction has occurred.arrow_forwardFor most signaling molecules, explain why a signal transduction pathway is necessaryarrow_forwardWhat two steps occur in cell signaling occur AFTER the signal has been detected by a cell surface receptor? a. transduction and inflection b. transduction and amplification c. amplification and termination d. amplification and diversionarrow_forward
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