Chapter 2.8, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance contributors for given species has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Localized electrons:

If the negative charge formed by losing a proton resides only on one atom, they are termed as localized electrons.  For example, if an alcohol loses a proton, the electrons remaining will be resides on its single oxygen atom.

Delocalized electrons:

If the negative charge formed by losing a proton resides on more than two atoms, they are termed as delocalized electrons.  For example, if carboxylic acid loses a proton, the electrons remaining will be resides on both oxygen atoms and thus reduces the electron density of the atom making the conjugate base more stable.

The above two structures are known as resonance contributors and the actual structure which is called the resonance hybrid will be the composite of the two resonance contributors.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance contributors for given species has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Localized electrons:

If the negative charge formed by losing a proton resides only on one atom, they are termed as localized electrons.  For example, if an alcohol loses a proton, the electrons remaining will be resides on its single oxygen atom.

Delocalized electrons:

If the negative charge formed by losing a proton resides on more than two atoms, they are termed as delocalized electrons.  For example, if carboxylic acid loses a proton, the electrons remaining will be resides on both oxygen atoms and thus reduces the electron density of the atom making the conjugate base more stable.

The above two structures are known as resonance contributors and the actual structure which is called the resonance hybrid will be the composite of the two resonance contributors.