The type of bonds that the following elements will form, based on the octet rule: N, S, C, P, O, H, Ca, Fe, Mg. Introduction: The octet rule is a chemical rule that is based on the observation that atoms of elements below the atomic number 20 tend to combine with other atoms in such a way so as to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell (valence shell).

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 1CT

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The type of bonds that the following elements will form, based on the octet rule:

N, S, C, P, O, H, Ca, Fe, Mg.

Introduction:

The octet rule is a chemical rule that is based on the observation that atoms of elements below the atomic number 20 tend to combine with other atoms in such a way so as to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell (valence shell).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Nitrogen (N) has 7 electrons out of which 2 electrons are in the first orbital and 5 in the outermost orbital. These 5 valence electrons make N seek 3 more electrons to fill its orbital.

Sulfur (S) has atomic number 16 and the distribution of the 16 electrons in different orbitals is 2, 8, 6. The valence of S is 6 and S seeks two more electrons to fill its outer-most orbital.

The atomic number of Carbon (C) is 6 and the distribution of the 8 electrons in different orbitals is 2, 4. Thus, C has 4 valence electrons and it can either accept 4 electrons from another atom or donate four electrons to another atom to fill its outer-most orbital.

The atomic number of Phosphorus (P) is 15. The 15 electrons of P are distributed in different orbitals as 2, 8, 5. Thus, P has 5 valence electrons and it seeks 3 more electrons to complete its outer-most orbital.

Oxygen (O) has atomic number 8 and the distribution of these electrons in different orbitals is 2, 6. The valence of O is 6 and O seeks two more electrons to fill its outer-most orbital.

Hydrogen (H) has just one electron and it needs one more electron to complete its outer-most orbital.

Calcium (Ca) has 20 electrons that are distributed in different orbitals as 2, 8, 8, 2. Thus, Ca tends to donate its two valence electrons to acquire a state of filled outer-most orbital.

Iron has 26 electrons but when filling the orbitals by distributing 2, 8, 8, 8 electrons, it passes the third orbital that has d and p shells. It lacks 4 d-electrons and 6 p-electrons. Therefore, despite having a full octet, it can either give up the two electrons in 4s orbital or an additional pair of electrons in 3d orbital, making its valency either 2 or 3.

Magnesium (Mg) has 12 electrons that are distributed in different orbitals as 2, 8, 2. Therefore, Mg tends to give up its two valence electrons and assume a configuration of filled outer-most orbitals.

Conclusion

The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of any atom determines its tendency and manner of forming bonds with other atoms.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Iodine has 37 known isotopes. Therefore, the atomic mass has a range of 108-144 amu. Which of the following statements concerning iodine is correct? A) The isotopes of iodine have between 55 and 91 protons. B) An atom of iodine can have between 55 and 91 neutrons. C) The isotopes of iodine will always have the same number of neutrons, but the protons can vary. D) The isotopes of iodine have between 108 and 144 neutrons, but the number of protons will not vary.

A covalent bond forms whena. electrons are present in a valence shell.b. a valence electron is removed from one atom and added to another.c. a pair of valence electrons is shared between two atoms.d. the electronegativity of one atom is much greater than that ofanother atom.

1.1. An atom of element X has an atomic number of 14 and a mass number of 30. Which of the following statements is correct? (A) An atom of sodium has 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 14 neutrons.(B) An atom of sodium has 14 protons, 16 electrons, and 14 neutrons(C) An atom of sodium has 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 16 neutrons.(D) An atom of sodium has 14 protons, 16 electrons, and 16 neutrons.1.2. The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms is(A) Isomerism(B) Tetravalence(C) Hydrolysis(D) Quadravalence1.3. Water resists changing its temperature because of its … (A) High heat of vaporization(B) Low specific heat(C) High specific heat(D) Low heat of vaporization1.4. A solution where [H+] < [OH−] is more:(A) Acidic(B) Basic(C) Neutral(D) None of the above1.5. Malnourishment results when there is(A) A diet that does not provide enough fatty acids(B) A diet with short-term absence of one or more essential nutrients(C) A diet that does not provide enough…

Answer 2