Chapter 3, Problem 19E

Explanation of Solution

Output for the given program using static scoping:

• In a static scoping, a variable can achieve its top level environment when it is said to be in static scope.
• Static binding makes programmer can figure out the scope of just by seeing at the code...

Explanation of Solution

Output for the given program using dynamic scoping with deep binding:

• The dynamic scoping is the global identifier refers to the identifier related to the most recent environment.
  • There is always a run time call static is used to refer the variable in dynamic binding.
  • It makes programmer to predict the possible contexts.
• The deep binding is performed at the time of a procedure is passed as an argument.
  • The choice is made when the reference is first created.
  • The referencing environment is bundled with the subroutine as a closure and passed as an argument for deep binding.
  • The implementation is easy in deep binding...

Explanation of Solution

Output for the given program using dynamic scoping with shallow binding:

• The dynamic scoping is the global identifier refers to the identifier related to the most recent environment.
  • There is always a run time call static is used to refer the variable in dynamic binding.
  • It makes programmer to predict the possible contexts.
• In the shallow binding, the choice is made when the reference is finally used.
  • The implementation of shallow binding obvious look for the last activated binding for the name in the stack...