Concept explainers
Videos
Fill-in-the-Blank
In organic molecules made of chains of subunits, each subunit is called a(n)____, and the chains are called____. Carbohydrates consisting of long chains of sugars are called_______. These sugar chains can be broken down by_____ reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are______,______, and __________. Three examples of disaccharides are _____,_____, and_____.LO2 LO3
To review:
The given blank space in the statement, “In organic molecule is made up of chains of subunits and each subunit is called a(n) _____, and the chains are called _____. Carbohydrate consisting of long chains of sugars are called _____. These sugar chains can be broken down by ______ reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are ____, _____, and _____. Three examples of disaccharides are _______, ______, and _______.”
Introduction:
All the biological components are made up of different types of organic molecule. These are the molecules, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, and andoxygen as their key atoms. These molecules are found in different spatial arrangement and conformation. Carbohydrates are the richest source of energy. These are capable of storing energy in the organism.
Explanation of Solution
The monomer is a smallest and basic unit of a macromolecule. Its repeating units form a long chain of the polymer. This process is known as polymerization and is achieved by a condensation reaction. In case of carbohydrates, the monomeric unit is called monosaccharide. These monosaccharide units when repeated in an array, results in the formation of a long chain of the molecule called polymer. This helps in the formation of the macromolecule. These can be further broken down to get the smallest units of the molecule.
When two monosaccharides (monomer) are joined together by glycosidic linkage, they result in the formation of disaccharides. They can be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are the common examples of disaccharides. Sucrose is made up of fructose and glucose. Maltose is made up of two glucose units and lactose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose.
When several monosaccharides join together by the glycosidic bonds, they form polysaccharides. Thus, the polysaccharide is a polymeric unit of carbohydrates. These may be soluble or insoluble in water. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
Starchis along polymeric chain of carbohydrate produced by green plants. It is one of the stored energy components of plants. Structurally, it consists of linear amylose unit and highly branched amylopectin units. Its pure form is insoluble in cold water and alcohol. Amylase is an enzyme, which degrades it into smaller units.
Chitin is a longpolymeric chain of glucose. Chitin is a very important component for the production of the cell wall in fungi and exoskeleton in arthropods. The structure of chitin produces crystalline whiskers, which act as an insulated covering.
Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose. Glycogen is the major energy storing unit of animals, humans, and fungi. Branches of this polysaccharide are joined by alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond. The energy stored in the form of glycogen is present in liver, skeletal muscles, or adipose tissues in a hydrated form.
The hydrolysis reaction is characterized by the breaking ofmacromolecules (polysaccharides) into their subunits in presence of water. In this reaction, hydrogen ion of water is donated to one subunit, while hydroxyl ion is donated to another.
In organic molecule made up of chains of subunits and each subunit is called a(n) monomer, and the chains are called polymer. Carbohydrate consisting of long chains of sugars are called polysaccharides. These sugar chains can be broken down by hydrolysis reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are starch, chitin, and glycogen. Three examples of disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 3 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth
- Fill in the blanks: In energetically coupled reactions, a [anabolic or catabolic] or [endergonic or exergonic] reaction, which breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, usually provides the energy to drive an [catabolic or anabolic] or [exergonic or endergonic] reaction, which creates large molecules from smaller ones.arrow_forwardA completed concept map for this unit includes but is not limited to the following ideas: concept of biochemistry with the following major categories: Water, Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipidsβ include cell membranes, Nucleic AcidsΒ include terminology such as: dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, denaturation, monomer/polymers, chitin, glycerol, fatty acids, trans/cis fats etc.Β Create a concept map which the main topic is macromolecules and it branches out to the following topics Water, Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipids- include cell membranes, Nucleic acids Could you add these terms into the map functional group polarity intermolecular forces of attraction hydrogen bon essential nutrient carbohydrate monosaccharide isomer glycosidic linkage monomer polymer disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide intermolecular force of attraction hydrogen bond macronutrient essential amino acid amino acid side group/R-group peptide bond polypeptide receptor neurotransmitter hormone secondaryβ¦arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes an L-glucose?Β The hydroxyl group attached to the penultimate carbon is located at the left side of the structure. Β The carbonyl group attached to the penultimate carbon is located at the right side of the structure. Β The carbonyl group attached to the penultimate carbon is located at the left side of the structure. Β The hydroxyl group attached to the penultimate carbon is located at the right side of the structure.arrow_forward
- Add these terms to your concept map should include these concepts and details: - the main title should be macromoleculesΒ concept of biochemistry with the following major categories: Water, Carbohydrate, Proteins, Lipidsβ include cell membranes, Nucleic AcidsΒ Your concept map should include these concepts and details: Structure (functional groups, shape);Β Monomer; building block moleculesΒ Linkage; Properties; Functions;Β Key terms from the Partial List of Key functional group polarity intermolecular forces of attraction hydrogen bond essential nutrient carbohydrate monosaccharide isomer glycosidic linkage monomer polymer disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide intermolecular force of attraction hydrogen bond macronutrient Β essential amino acid amino acid side group/R-group peptide bond polypeptide receptor neurotransmitter hormone secondary structure tertiary structure quaternaryβ¦arrow_forwardFill in the blanks. The parentheses are the choices for the blank. ______ (Saturated fatty acids, Unsaturated fatty acids). are fatty acids with only single bonds linking the carbons in its tail. A ______ (triglyceride, steroid, phospholipid) is a lipid with three fatty acid tails bonded to a glycerol.arrow_forwardDehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis: Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are all synthesized and broken down by the same types of reactions. In dehydration synthesis, a hydrogen ion (H+) from one molecule joins with a hydroxyl group (OH-) from another molecule to form water (H2O), leaving the two molecules bonded to the same oxygen atom. For example, when two molecules of glucose are joined by dehydration synthesis, they form maltose and water (see below). In hydrolysis, complex organic molecules are broken down by the addition of the components of water - H+ and OH-. Both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis require certain conditions of pH and temperature and the presence of particular enzymes. Briefly compare and contrast the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.arrow_forward
- Fill in the blanks. The parentheses are the choices for the blanks. A water-requiring chemical reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller subunits is called _______ (hydrolysis, a condensation reaction). A chemical reaction in which a large molecule is assembled from smaller subunits as water forms is called _________ (hydrolysis, a condensation reaction).arrow_forwardChoose all that apply: When a small, globular protein unfolds, which of the following are true? Choice 1 of 6:the temperature must increase Choice 2 of 6:the entropy of the peptide backbone increases Choice 3 of 6:the entropy of the solvent waters increases Choice 4 of 6:H bonds between peptide backbone atoms must break Choice 5 of 6:new attractive interactions form between water and side chains Choice 6 of 6:a detergent molecule must be addedarrow_forwardHow do cats drink? Scientists using high-speed video have shown that cats use an interesting technique to drink substances water and Four times a second, the cal touches the tip of its tongue the water and draws a column of water up into its mouthbefore pull the water back down. Describe how the properties of water allow cats to drink in this including how water's molecular structure contributes to the process Match the terms in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not atarrow_forward
- An enzyme won't function if the active site is the incorrect shape. What part of the amino acid has the most effect on the shape of the enzyme? O R group O carboxyl group O amine group O the peptide bondsarrow_forwardWhen your body is breaking down organic biomolecular polymers in food into their component monomers, what type of general reaction is requiredarrow_forwardAlthough the first two carbons of fructose and glucose are identical in structure to DHAP and GADP (from glycolysis), DHAP and GADP equilibriate on their in solution to favor the ketone over the aldehyde, while fructose and glucose do not.Β Why? a)The larger size of the molecule sterically hinders the isomerization b)The larger sugars have more OH groups which hydrogen bond and disrupt isomerization c)The larger sugars cyclize, and there is no carbonyl to isomerize in the cyclic form d)The larger sugars cyclize, and in the cyclic form the hydrogen bonding is very strong e)The larger sugars are less soluble in water than the smaller sugarsarrow_forward
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education