Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781305104136
Author: Frederick J Gravetter, Lori-Ann B. Forzano
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 3EA
For each of the following operational definitions, decide whether you consider it to be a valid measure. Explain why or why not. Decide whether you consider it to be a reliable measure. Explain why or why not.
- A researcher defines academic motivation in terms of the number of minutes a student spends working on class-related material outside of class during a 24-hour period from noon on Monday to noon on Tuesday.
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3. Bayesian Inference – Updating Beliefs
A medical test for a rare disease has the following characteristics:
Sensitivity (true positive rate): 99%
Specificity (true negative rate): 98%
The disease occurs in 0.5% of the population.
A patient receives a positive test result.
Questions:
a) Define the relevant events and use Bayes’ Theorem to compute the probability that the patient actually has the disease.b) Explain why the result might seem counterintuitive, despite the high sensitivity and specificity.c) Discuss how prior probabilities influence posterior beliefs in Bayesian inference.d) Suppose a second, independent test with the same accuracy is conducted and is also positive. Update the probability that the patient has the disease.
4. Linear Regression - Model Assumptions and Interpretation
A real estate analyst is studying how house prices (Y) are related to house size in square feet (X). A simple
linear regression model is proposed:
The analyst fits the model and obtains:
•
Ŷ50,000+150X
YBoB₁X + €
•
R² = 0.76
• Residuals show a fan-shaped pattern when plotted against fitted values.
Questions:
a) Interpret the slope coefficient in context.
b) Explain what the R² value tells us about the model's performance.
c) Based on the residual pattern, what regression assumption is likely violated? What might be the
consequence?
d) Suggest at least two remedies to improve the model, based on the residual analysis.
Chapter 3 Solutions
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 3.2 - Define a construct and explain the role that...Ch. 3.2 - Define an operational definition and explain the...Ch. 3.3 - Define a positive relationship and a negative...Ch. 3.3 - Define the validity of measurement and explain why...Ch. 3.3 - Define the reliability of measurement and explain...Ch. 3.4 - Compare and contrast the four scales of...Ch. 3.5 - Identify the three modalities of measurement and...Ch. 3.6 - Define a ceiling effect and a floor effect and...Ch. 3.6 - Define an artifact and explain how examples of...Ch. 3 - In addition to the key words, you should also be...
Ch. 3 - Some variables, such as height, can be measured...Ch. 3 - Briefly explain what an operational definition is...Ch. 3 - A researcher evaluates a new cholesterol...Ch. 3 - A clinical researcher has developed a new test for...Ch. 3 - Suppose that a social scientist has developed a...Ch. 3 - Explain how inter-rater reliability is...Ch. 3 - A researcher claims that intelligence can be...Ch. 3 - Identify the scale of measurement that allows each...Ch. 3 - What is the primary advantage of self-report...Ch. 3 - Describe the strengths and weaknesses of...Ch. 3 - What is a ceiling effect, and how can it be a...Ch. 3 - What are demand characteristics, and how do they...Ch. 3 - Describe how the concept of participant reactivity...Ch. 3 - Select a subject and use a full-text database such...Ch. 3 - Select one construct from the following list:...Ch. 3 - For each of the following operational definitions,...
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