Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 32, Problem 11RQ
The is the outermost covering of a______ fruit.
- endocarp
- pericarp
- exocarp
- mesocarp
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Chapter 32 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 32 - Figure 32.3 If the anther is missing, what type of...Ch. 32 - Figure 32.8 An embryo sac is missing the...Ch. 32 - Figure 32.20 What is the function of the...Ch. 32 - In a plant’s male reproductive organs, development...Ch. 32 - The stamen consists of a long stalk called the...Ch. 32 - Theare collectively called the calyx sepals petals...Ch. 32 - The pollen lands on which part of the flower?...Ch. 32 - After double fertilization: a zygote and ______...Ch. 32 - The fertilized ovule gives rise to the fruit seed...Ch. 32 - What is the term for a fruit that develops from...
Ch. 32 - The is the outermost covering of a______ fruit....Ch. 32 - _______ is a useful method of asexual reproduction...Ch. 32 - Which of the following is an advantage of asexual...Ch. 32 - Plants that flower once in their lifetime are...Ch. 32 - Plant species that complete their lifecycle in one...Ch. 32 - Describe the reproductive organs inside a flowerCh. 32 - Describe the two-stage lifecycle of plants: the...Ch. 32 - Describe the four main parts, or whorls, of a...Ch. 32 - Discuss the differences between a complete flower...Ch. 32 - Why do some seeds undergo a period of dormancy,...Ch. 32 - Discuss some ways in which fruit seeds are...Ch. 32 - What are some advantages of asexual reproduction...Ch. 32 - Describe natural and artificial methods of asexual...Ch. 32 - Discuss the life cycles of various plantsCh. 32 - How are plants classified on the basis of...
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- Whos the Pollinator? Massonia depressa is a low-growing succulent plant native to the desert of South Africa. The dull-colored flowers of this monocot develop at ground level, have tiny petals, emit a yeasty aroma, and produce a thick. jellylike nectar. These features led researchers to suspect that desert rodents such as gerbils pollinate this plant. To test their hypothesis, the researchers trapped rodents in areas where M. depressa grows and checked them for pollen. They also put some plants in wire cages that excluded mammals, but not insects, to see whether fruits and seeds would form in the absence of rodents. The results are shown in FIGURE 29.20. A The dull, petalless, ground-level flowers of Massonia depressa are accessible to rodents, who push their heads through the stamens to reach the nectar at the bottom of floral cups. Note the pollen on the gerbils snout. Type of rodent Number caught # With pollen on snout # with pollen in feces Namaqua rock rat A 3 2 Cape spiny mouse 3 2 2 Hairy-footed gerbil A 2 A Cape short-eared gerbil 1 0 1 African pygmy mouse 1 0 0 B Evidence of Visits to M. depressa by rodents. Mammals allowed Mammals excluded access to plants from plants Percent of plants that set fruit 30.4 4.3 Average number of fruits par plant 1.39 0.47 Average number of seeds per plant 20.0 1.95 C Fruit and seed production of M. depressa with and without visits by mammals. Mammals are excluded from plants by wire cages with openings large enough for insects to pass through. Twenty-three plants were tested in each group. FIGURE 29.20 Testing pollination of M. depressa by rodents. 3. How did the average number of seeds produced by caged plants compare with that of control plants?arrow_forwardWhos the Pollinator? Massonia depressa is a low-growing succulent plant native to the desert of South Africa. The dull-colored flowers of this monocot develop at ground level, have tiny petals, emit a yeasty aroma, and produce a thick. jellylike nectar. These features led researchers to suspect that desert rodents such as gerbils pollinate this plant. To test their hypothesis, the researchers trapped rodents in areas where M. depressa grows and checked them for pollen. They also put some plants in wire cages that excluded mammals, but not insects, to see whether fruits and seeds would form in the absence of rodents. The results are shown in FIGURE 29.20. A The dull, petalless, ground-level flowers of Massonia depressa are accessible to rodents, who push their heads through the stamens to reach the nectar at the bottom of floral cups. Note the pollen on the gerbils snout. Type of rodent Number caught # With pollen on snout # with pollen in feces Namaqua rock rat A 3 2 Cape spiny mouse 3 2 2 Hairy-footed gerbil A 2 A Cape short-eared gerbil 1 0 1 African pygmy mouse 1 0 0 B Evidence of Visits to M. depressa by rodents. Mammals allowed Mammals excluded access to plants from plants Percent of plants that set fruit 30.4 4.3 Average number of fruits par plant 1.39 0.47 Average number of seeds per plant 20.0 1.95 C Fruit and seed production of M. depressa with and without visits by mammals. Mammals are excluded from plants by wire cages with openings large enough for insects to pass through. Twenty-three plants were tested in each group. FIGURE 29.20 Testing pollination of M. depressa by rodents. 4. Do these data support the hypothesis that rodents are required for pollination of M. depressa? Why or why not?arrow_forwardWhos the Pollinator? Massonia depressa is a low-growing succulent plant native to the desert of South Africa. The dull-colored flowers of this monocot develop at ground level, have tiny petals, emit a yeasty aroma, and produce a thick, jellylike nectar. These trails led researchers to suspect that desert rodents such as gerbils pollinate this plant. The researchers trapped rodents in areas where M. depressa grows and checked them for pollen (FIGURE 29.7A,B). They also put some plants in wire cages that excluded mammals, but not insects, to see whether fruits and seeds would form in the absence of rodents (FIGURE 29.7C). A The dull petalless, ground-level flower of Massonia depressa are accessible to rodents, who push their heads through the stamens to reach the nectar at the bottom of floral cups. Note the pollen on the gerbils snout. B Evidence of visits to M. depressa by rodents. Mammals allowed access to plants Mammals excluded from plants Percent of plants that set fruit 30.4 4.3 Average number of fruits per pant 1.39 0.47 Average number of seeds per plant 20.0 1.96 C Fruit and seed production of M. depressa with and without visits by mammals. Mammals were excluded from plants by wire cages with openings large enough for insects to pass through. Twenty-three plants were tested in each group. FIGURE 29.7 Testing pollination of M. depressa by rodents. Would this evidence alone be sufficient to conclude that rodents are the main pollinators of this plant?arrow_forward
- Whos the Pollinator? Massonia depressa is a low-growing succulent plant native to the desert of South Africa. The dull-colored flowers of this monocot develop at ground level, have tiny petals, emit a yeasty aroma, and produce a thick, jellylike nectar. These trails led researchers to suspect that desert rodents such as gerbils pollinate this plant. The researchers trapped rodents in areas where M. depressa grows and checked them for pollen (FIGURE 29.7A,B). They also put some plants in wire cages that excluded mammals, but not insects, to see whether fruits and seeds would form in the absence of rodents (FIGURE 29.7C). A The dull petalless, ground-level flower of Massonia depressa are accessible to rodents, who push their heads through the stamens to reach the nectar at the bottom of floral cups. Note the pollen on the gerbils snout. B Evidence of visits to M. depressa by rodents. Mammals allowed access to plants Mammals excluded from plants Percent of plants that set fruit 30.4 4.3 Average number of fruits per pant 1.39 0.47 Average number of seeds per plant 20.0 1.96 C Fruit and seed production of M. depressa with and without visits by mammals. Mammals were excluded from plants by wire cages with openings large enough for insects to pass through. Twenty-three plants were tested in each group. FIGURE 29.7 Testing pollination of M. depressa by rodents. How did the average number of seeds of produced by caged plants compare with that of control plants?arrow_forwardWhos the Pollinator? Massonia depressa is a low-growing succulent plant native to the desert of South Africa. The dull-colored flowers of this monocot develop at ground level, have tiny petals, emit a yeasty aroma, and produce a thick, jellylike nectar. These trails led researchers to suspect that desert rodents such as gerbils pollinate this plant. The researchers trapped rodents in areas where M. depressa grows and checked them for pollen (FIGURE 29.7A,B). They also put some plants in wire cages that excluded mammals, but not insects, to see whether fruits and seeds would form in the absence of rodents (FIGURE 29.7C). A The dull petalless, ground-level flower of Massonia depressa are accessible to rodents, who push their heads through the stamens to reach the nectar at the bottom of floral cups. Note the pollen on the gerbils snout. B Evidence of visits to M. depressa by rodents. Mammals allowed access to plants Mammals excluded from plants Percent of plants that set fruit 30.4 4.3 Average number of fruits per pant 1.39 0.47 Average number of seeds per plant 20.0 1.96 C Fruit and seed production of M. depressa with and without visits by mammals. Mammals were excluded from plants by wire cages with openings large enough for insects to pass through. Twenty-three plants were tested in each group. FIGURE 29.7 Testing pollination of M. depressa by rodents. How many rodents were captured? Of these, how many showed some evidence of ingesting M. depressa pollen?arrow_forwardWhos the Pollinator? Massonia depressa is a low-growing succulent plant native to the desert of South Africa. The dull-colored flowers of this monocot develop at ground level, have tiny petals, emit a yeasty aroma, and produce a thick. jellylike nectar. These features led researchers to suspect that desert rodents such as gerbils pollinate this plant. To test their hypothesis, the researchers trapped rodents in areas where M. depressa grows and checked them for pollen. They also put some plants in wire cages that excluded mammals, but not insects, to see whether fruits and seeds would form in the absence of rodents. The results are shown in FIGURE 29.20. A The dull, petalless, ground-level flowers of Massonia depressa are accessible to rodents, who push their heads through the stamens to reach the nectar at the bottom of floral cups. Note the pollen on the gerbils snout. Type of rodent Number caught # With pollen on snout # with pollen in feces Namaqua rock rat A 3 2 Cape spiny mouse 3 2 2 Hairy-footed gerbil A 2 A Cape short-eared gerbil 1 0 1 African pygmy mouse 1 0 0 B Evidence of Visits to M. depressa by rodents. Mammals allowed Mammals excluded access to plants from plants Percent of plants that set fruit 30.4 4.3 Average number of fruits par plant 1.39 0.47 Average number of seeds per plant 20.0 1.95 C Fruit and seed production of M. depressa with and without visits by mammals. Mammals are excluded from plants by wire cages with openings large enough for insects to pass through. Twenty-three plants were tested in each group. FIGURE 29.20 Testing pollination of M. depressa by rodents. 1. How many of the 13 captured rodents showed some evidence of pollen from M. depressa?arrow_forward
- Pollen grains develop in which structure? a. the anther b. the stigma c. the filament d. the carpelarrow_forwardFigure 23.28 Which of the following statements about the Laminaria life cycle is false? In zoospores form in the sporangia. The sporophyte is the 2n plant. The gametophyte is diploid. Both the gametophyte and sporophyte stages are multicellular.arrow_forwardTCE Uptake by Transgenic Plants Plants used for phytoremediation take up organic pollutants, then transport the chemicals to plant tissues, where they are stored or broken down. Researchers are now designing transgenic plants with enhanced ability to take up or break down toxins. In 2007, Sharon Doty and her colleagues published the results of their efforts to design plants for phytoremediation of soil and air containing organic solvents. The researchers used Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Section 15.7) to deliver a mammalian gene into poplar plants. The gene encodes cytochrome P450, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of a range of organic molecules, including solvents such as TCE. FIGURE 28.16 shows data from one test on the resulting transgenic plants. FIGURE 28.16 TCE uptake from air by transgenic poplar plants. Indvioual potted plants were kept in separate seated containers with an initial level of TCE (trichloroethytene) around 15.0C0 micrograms per cubic meter of air. Samples of the air m the containers were taken daily and measured for TCE content. Controls included a tree transgenic for a Ti plasmid with no cytochrome P450 in it (vector control), and a bare-root transgenic tree (one that was not planted in soil. 3. On day 6, what was the difference between the TCE content of air around planted transgenic plants and that around vector control plants?arrow_forward
- TCE Uptake by Transgenic Plants Plants used for phytoremediation take up organic pollutants, then transport the chemicals to plant tissues, where they are stored or broken down. Researchers are now designing transgenic plants with enhanced ability to take up or break down toxins. In 2007, Sharon Doty and her colleagues published the results of their efforts to design plants for phytoremediation of soil and air containing organic solvents. The researchers used Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Section 15.7) to deliver a mammalian gene into poplar plants. The gene encodes cytochrome P450, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of a range of organic molecules, including solvents such as TCE. FIGURE 28.16 shows data from one test on the resulting transgenic plants. FIGURE 28.16 TCE uptake from air by transgenic poplar plants. Individual potted plants were kept in separate seated containers with an initial level of TCE (trichloroethylene) around 15,000 micrograms per cubic meter of air. Samples of the air in the containers were taken daily and measured for TCE content. Controls included a tree transgenic for a Ti plasmid with no cytochrome P450 in it (vector control), and a bare-root transgenic tree (one that was not planted in soil. 4. Assuming no other experiments were done, what two explanations are there for the results of this experiment? What other control might the researchers have used?arrow_forwardTCE Uptake by Transgenic Plants Plants used for phytoremediation take up organic pollutants, then transport the chemicals to plant tissues, where they are stored or broken down. Researchers are now designing transgenic plants with enhanced ability to take up or break down toxins. In 2007, Sharon Doty and her colleagues published the results of their efforts to design plants for phytoremediation of soil and air containing organic solvents. The researchers used Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Section 15.7) to deliver a mammalian gene into poplar plants. The gene encodes cytochrome P450, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of a range of organic molecules, including solvents such as TCE. FIGURE 28.16 shows data from one test on the resulting transgenic plants. FIGURE 28.16 TCE uptake from air by transgenic poplar plants. Indvioual potted plants were kept in separate seated containers with an initial level of TCE (trichloroethytene) around 15.0C0 micrograms per cubic meter of air. Samples of the air m the containers were taken daily and measured for TCE content. Controls included a tree transgenic for a Ti plasmid with no cytochrome P450 in it (vector control), and a bare-root transgenic tree (one that was not planted in soil. 1. How many transgenic plants did the researchers test?arrow_forwardTCE Uptake by Transgenic Plants Plants used for phytoremediation take up organic pollutants, then transport the chemicals to plant tissues, where they are stored or broken down. Researchers are now designing transgenic plants with enhanced ability to take up or break down toxins. In 2007, Sharon Doty and her colleagues published the results of their efforts to design plants for phytoremediation of soil and air containing organic solvents. The researchers used Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Section 15.7) to deliver a mammalian gene into poplar plants. The gene encodes cytochrome P450, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of a range of organic molecules, including solvents such as TCE. FIGURE 28.16 shows data from one test on the resulting transgenic plants. FIGURE 28.16 TCE uptake from air by transgenic poplar plants. Indvioual potted plants were kept in separate seated containers with an initial level of TCE (trichloroethytene) around 15.0C0 micrograms per cubic meter of air. Samples of the air m the containers were taken daily and measured for TCE content. Controls included a tree transgenic for a Ti plasmid with no cytochrome P450 in it (vector control), and a bare-root transgenic tree (one that was not planted in soil. 2. In which group did the researchers see the slowest rate of TCE uptake? The fastest?arrow_forward
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