College Physics for AP Courses
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781630181871
Author: OpenStax, Ima Lyubkinskaya, Gregg Wolfe Douglas, Ingram, Liza Puiji, Sudhi Oberoi Nathan, Czuba
Publisher: OpenStax College.
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Textbook Question
Chapter 34, Problem 8PE
(a) Calculate The approximate age of the universe from the average value of the Hubble constant, To do this, calculate the time it would take to travel 1 Mly at a constant expansion rate of 20 km/s. (b) If deceleration is taken into account, would the actual age of the universe be greater or less than that found here? Explain.
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If the average density of the Universe is small compared with the critical density, the expansion of the Universe described by Hubble's law proceeds with speeds that are nearly constant over time.
Calculate t since the big bang, assuming H = 22.0 km/s/Mly.
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Because of the cosmological expansion, a particular emission from a distant galaxy has a wavelength that is 2.00 times the wavelength that emission would have in a laboratory. Assuming that Hubble’s law holds and that we can apply Doppler-shift calculations, what was the distance (ly) to that galaxy when the light was emitted?
Chapter 34 Solutions
College Physics for AP Courses
Ch. 34 - Explain why it only appears that we are at the...Ch. 34 - If there is no observable edge to the universe,...Ch. 34 - If the universe is infinite, does it have a...Ch. 34 - Another known cause of red shift in light is the...Ch. 34 - If some unknown cause of red shiftsuch as light...Ch. 34 - Olbers’s paradox poses an interesting question: If...Ch. 34 - If the cosmic microwave background radiation...Ch. 34 - The decay of one type of Kmeson is cited as...Ch. 34 - Distances to local galaxies are determined by...Ch. 34 - Distances to very remote galaxies are estimated...
Ch. 34 - If the smallest meaningful time interval is...Ch. 34 - Quantum gravity, if developed, would be an...Ch. 34 - Does observed gravitational lensing correspond to...Ch. 34 - Suppose you measure the red shifts of all the...Ch. 34 - What are gravitational waves, and have they yet...Ch. 34 - Is the event horizon of a black hole the actual...Ch. 34 - Suppose black holes radiate their mass away and...Ch. 34 - Discuss the possibility that star velocities at...Ch. 34 - How does relativistic time dilation prohibit...Ch. 34 - If neutrino oscillations do occur, will they...Ch. 34 - Lacking direct evidence of WIMPs as dark matter,...Ch. 34 - Must a complex system be adaptive to be of...Ch. 34 - State a necessary condition for a System to be...Ch. 34 - What is critical temperature Tc? Do all materials...Ch. 34 - Explain how good thermal contact with liquid...Ch. 34 - Not only is liquid nitrogen a cheaper coolant than...Ch. 34 - For experimental evidence particularly of...Ch. 34 - Discuss whether you think there are limits to what...Ch. 34 - Find the approximate mass of the luminous matter...Ch. 34 - Find the approximate mass of the dark and luminous...Ch. 34 - (a) Estimate the mass of the luminous matter in...Ch. 34 - If a galaxy is 500 Mly away from us, how fast do...Ch. 34 - On average, how far away are galaxies mat are...Ch. 34 - Our solar system orbits the center of the Milky...Ch. 34 - (a) What is the approximate speed relative to us...Ch. 34 - (a) Calculate The approximate age of the universe...Ch. 34 - Assuming a circular orbit for the Sun about the...Ch. 34 - (a) What is the approximate force of gravity on a...Ch. 34 - Andromeda galaxy is the closest large galaxy and...Ch. 34 - (a) A particle and its antiparticle are at rest...Ch. 34 - The average particle energy needed to observe...Ch. 34 - The peak intensity of the CMBR occurs at a...Ch. 34 - (a) What Hubble constant corresponds to an...Ch. 34 - Show that the velocity of a star orbiting its...Ch. 34 - The core of a star collapses during a supernova,...Ch. 34 - Using data from the previous problem, find the...Ch. 34 - Distances to the nearest stars (up to 500 by away)...Ch. 34 - (a) Use the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to...Ch. 34 - Construct Your Own Problem Consider a star moving...Ch. 34 - What is the Schwarzschild radius of a blank hole...Ch. 34 - Black holes with masses smaller than muse formed...Ch. 34 - Supermassive black holes are thought to exist at...Ch. 34 - Construct Your Own Problem Consider a supermassive...Ch. 34 - The characteristic length of entities in...Ch. 34 - If the dark matter in the Milky Way were composed...Ch. 34 - The critical mass density needed to just halt the...Ch. 34 - Assume the average density of the universe is 0.1...Ch. 34 - To get an idea of how empty deep spam is on the...Ch. 34 - A section of superconducting wire carries a...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, physics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- (a) What Hubble constant corresponds to an approximate age of the universe of 1010 y? To get an approximate value, assume the expansion rate is constant and calculate the speed at which two galaxies must move apart to be separated by 1 Mly (present average galactic separation) in a time of 1010 y. (b) Similarly, what Hubble constant corresponding to a universe approximately old?arrow_forwardSuppose the Hubble constant were not 22 but 33 km/s per million light-years. Then what would the critical density be?arrow_forwardBy what factor would the critical density of the universe today change if the Hubble constant today measured at 5 times greater than what we previously thought?arrow_forward
- An electron jumps from n=3 to n=2 in a hydrogen atom in a distant galaxy, emitting light. If we detect that light at a wavelength of 3.00 mm, by what multiplication factor has the wavelength, and thus the universe, expanded since the light was emitted?arrow_forwardSuppose you measure the red shifts of all the images produced by gravitational lensing, .You findthat the central image has a red shift less than the outer images, and those all have the same red shift. Discuss how this not onlyshows that the images are of the same object, but also implies that the red shift is not affected by taking different paths throughspace. Does it imply that cosmological red shifts are not caused by traveling through space (light getting tired, perhaps)?arrow_forwardAssume a flat FRW universe, dominated by radiation throughout its history. Calculate the physical, cosmological horizon size at t=t_0 The initial conditions for the scale factor are a=a_0 at t=t0(today). Which asnwer is correct; a)R_H=2a_0ct_0 b) R_H = 3a_0ct_0 c)R_H = ct_0 d) R_H=2ct_0arrow_forward
- Use the distance and velocity data tofind the rate of expansion as a function of distance.(b) If you extrapolate back in time, how long ago would all ofthe galaxies have been at approximately the same position?The two parts of this problem give you some idea of how theHubble constant for universal expansion and the time back tothe Big Bang are determined, respectivelyarrow_forwardConsidering the reactions in primordial nucleosynthesis only, what would be the impact on the universe today if the neutron lifetime were much smaller than 886s (the actual value of the neutron lifetime)?arrow_forwardSuppose that the universe were full of spherical objects, each of mass m and radius r . If the objects were distributed uniformly throughout the universe, what number density (#/m3) of spherical objects would be required to make the density equal to the critical density of our Universe? Values: m = 10 kg r = 0.0399 m Answer must be in scientific notation and include zero decimal places (1 sig fig --- e.g., 1234 should be written as 1*10^3)arrow_forward
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