Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 35, Problem 11SQ
Summary Introduction
Introduction: The functioning of the muscles weakens when there is a disturbance in the signaling of the motor neurons. When an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction, it causes the release of the acetylcholine (ACh).
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A bacterial toxin is known to block the release of ACh at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle. Consequently, a. the skeletal muscle contracts with increasing force. b. the skeletal muscle contracts with increasing frequency. c. the ability to stimulate the muscle is impaired. d. other neurotransmitters would stimulate the muscle.
1. During skeletal muscle contraction, what event directly precedes the release of actin by myosin?
a. ATP binding
b. ATP hydrolysis
c. Power stroke
d. Release of ADP
e. Release of Pi
2. What is the trigger for CICR in skeletal muscle cells?
a. Acetylcholine binding
b. Activation of nicotinic receptors
c. Ca++ entering the cells via VOC channels
d. Ca++ release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
e. Movement of troponin out of the groove of actin
For questions 12-14, please choose the best answer from the following list. Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all. Each question has only one best answer.
a. Muscle spindle apparatus
b. Sarcolemma
c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. Terminal cisternae
e. T-Tubules
3. Primary site of intracellular Ca++ release
4. Maintain optimal overlap of actin and myosin in a resting skeletal muscle cell
5. Aids membrane depolarization along the entire length of the muscle fiber
6. Ion movement responsible for depolarization of the sarcolemma
a.…
The function of ATP during muscle contraction is toa. cause an allosteric change in myosin so it detaches from actin.b. provide the energy necessary for the movement of the cross-bridge.c. expose the myosin-binding sites on the thin filaments.d. do all of the above.e. do a and b only.
Chapter 35 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 35 - Prob. 1DAACh. 35 - Prob. 2DAACh. 35 - Prob. 3DAACh. 35 - Prob. 4DAACh. 35 - An endoskeleton consists of _________. a. a fluid...Ch. 35 - Prob. 2SQCh. 35 - Prob. 3SQCh. 35 - A ligament connects ________. a. bones at a joint...Ch. 35 - Prob. 5SQCh. 35 - The ___ attaches to the pelvic girdle. a. radius...
Ch. 35 - The ________ is the basic unit of contraction. a....Ch. 35 - In sarcomeres, phosphate-group transfers from ATP...Ch. 35 - A sarcomere shortens when ________. a. thick...Ch. 35 - Prob. 10SQCh. 35 - Prob. 11SQCh. 35 - A motor unit is _________. a. a muscle and the...Ch. 35 - _______ from a motor neuron excites a muscle...Ch. 35 - The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases...Ch. 35 - Match the words with their defining feature. _____...Ch. 35 - Continued strenuous activity can cause lactate to...Ch. 35 - After death, calcium pumps no longer function and...Ch. 35 - Bully whippets are homozygous for a deletion of...Ch. 35 - Athletes tend to have stronger bones than...
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- Which of the following statements describes smoothmuscle cells?a. They are resistant to fatigue.b. They have a rapid onset of contractions.c. They cannot exhibit tetanus.d. They primarily use anaerobic metabolism.arrow_forwardWhat does ATP binding to myosin head triggers? a. Its association with microtubules b. Its dissociation from actin microfilament c. Conformational change and rotation of myosin head d. Its association with actin microfilamentarrow_forwardDuring the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions(A) break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP.(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to themuscle fiber.(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.arrow_forward
- In sarcomeres, phosphate-group transfers from ATP activate _______. a. actin b. myosin c. troponin d. Z bandsarrow_forwardAfter death, a person no longer makes ATP, so calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum diffuses down its concentration gradient into the muscle cytoplasm. This result is rigor mortis----an unbreakable state of muscle contraction that stiffens the body for a few days until muscles begin to decay. Explain why this contraction occurs.arrow_forwardSingle-unit smooth muscle cells can stimulate each other because they havea. a latch-bridge.b. diffuse junctions.c. gap junctions.d. tight junctions.e. cross-bridges.arrow_forward
- Fast-twitch muscle fibers have which of the following characteristics?a. fewer number of mitochondriab. rely on fermentation and creatine phosphate pathwaysc. are primarily anaerobicd. provide for a quick release of energye. All of these are correct.arrow_forwardFill in the blank: The T wave corresponds to repolarization of the muscle fibers of the _______________________.arrow_forwardYou're hiking, you step on a piece of wood and a protruding rusty nail goes right through your Puma Cydes and into your foot. You start thinking....when was my last tetanus booster shot??? We're not talking about tetanus as defined in our studies of muscle physiology, but pathological tetanus (also known as "lockjaw"). In this condition, bacteria called Clostridia tetani (found in dirt) enter the bloodstream and grow, producing tetanus neurotoxin. The result of this toxin coursing through your bloodstream is causes the prime mover and its antagonist muscle groups (doesn't just have to be muscles of the jaw) to contract at the same time. How does the neurotoxin do that? Knowing all this, and being experts on Human reflex Physiology, do you think your reflexes (like the knee-jerk) would still function if you were suffering from "lock-jaw?"arrow_forward
- After death, calcium pumps no longer function and the calcium ion concentration of muscle fiber cytoplasm increases. The result is rigor mortis a state or postmortem muscle contraction. Explain why this contraction occurs and why it ends only when myosin heads begin to break down.arrow_forwardSingle-unit smooth muscle cells can stimulate each other because they have:|- a. pacemakers. b. diffuse junctions. c. gap junctions. d. tight junctions. e. calcium pumparrow_forwardAll of the following characteristics apply to skeletal muscle except a. They are striated. b. They are multinucleated. c. They are voluntary. d. They contain intercalated discs. e. They are attached to the skeleton by means of tendons.arrow_forward
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