Concept explainers
(a)
To classify:
‘A surge of epinephrine initiates a flight response in a gazelle’ as either a proximate or an ultimate cause of the behavior.
Concept introduction:
Animal behavior is a very broad topic that covers everything that is done by animals. It includes movement and other activities that are performed by the animals. It is such a topic that helps to connect the two streams ecology and animal physiology to a great extent. In an animal behavior, there is involvement, and connection of many physiological systems and connections among the endocrine, muscular, nervous, reproductive and many other organ systems.
(b)
To classify:
‘Turtle uses Earth’s magnetic field lines as guides during migration’ either as a proximate or an ultimate cause of the behavior and for all proximate causes. Also, speculate about a possible ultimate cause of the behavior.
Concept introduction:
Animal behavior is a very broad topic that covers everything that is done by animals. It includes movement and other activities that are performed by the animals. It is such a topic that helps to connect the two streams ecology and animal physiology to a great extent. In an animal behavior, there is involvement, and connection of many physiological systems and connections among the endocrine, muscular, nervous, reproductive and many other organ systems.
(c)
To classify:
The descriptions that ‘a small mammal ignores food sources that have low energy and that are difficult to obtain’ as either a proximate or an ultimate cause of the behavior and in case of proximate causes speculate about a possible ultimate cause of the behavior.
Concept introduction:
Animal behavior is a very broad topic that covers everything that is done by animals. It includes movement and other activities that are performed by the animals. It is such a topic that helps to connect the two streams ecology and animal physiology to a great extent. In an animal behavior, there is involvement, and connection of many physiological systems and connections among the endocrine, muscular, nervous, reproductive and many other organ systems.
(d)
To classify:
The descriptions in which ‘a bird distracts its predator near its nest, which increases the chance of survival of the nestlings’ as either an ultimate or a proximate cause of the behavior and for all proximate causes give a possible cause of the behavior.
Concept introduction:
Animal behavior is a very broad topic that covers everything that is done by animals. It includes movement and other activities that are performed by the animals. It is such a topic that helps to connect the two streams ecology and animal physiology to a great extent. In an animal behavior, there is involvement, and connection of many physiological systems and connections among the endocrine, muscular, nervous, reproductive and many other organ systems.
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BIOL:CONCEPT+INVEST.ETEXT
- Noisy begging by nestlings to be fed by a parent is said to be an honest signal when it entails high costs. And if the begging calls are indeed costly, which of the following predictions is least likely to occur? A. Parents will deliver more food in response to stronger begging. B. A parents will provide more food in response to an offspring that cries the least. C. Noisy crying is more likely to attract the attention of predators. D. Begging intensity reflects the hunger level of the nestlings.arrow_forwardYoung sea turtles head for the ocean immediately after theyhatch. This behavior is most likelya. innate.b. learned through trial and error.c. classically conditioned.d. the result of habituation.arrow_forwardA genetically inherited, complex pattern of behavior that always appears among members of a particular speciesunder appropriate environmental conditions is a(n)a. reflex.b. instinct.c. drive.d. needarrow_forward
- 1. With "preprogrammed" innate behaviors, a sign stimulus is followed by a. a period of habituation b. a fixed-action response c. remembrance and adjustment (learning) d. integrated cognitive mapping 2. An ethologist is studying what factors contribute to mass spawning by coral. The ethologist is considering sea temperature, moon phases, and seasonal changes in ocean currents. This kind of study is particularly interested in what aspect of animal behavior? a. Ultimate causation b. Proximate causation c. Associative learning d. Operant conditioning 3. To a behavior ecologist, the term "taxis" refers to what? a. Random movements of animals; that is, movement not induced by stimuli b. The instinctive tendency of social animals to self-select into a hierarchy ("pecking order") c. Behavior modifications specific to circadian rhythms d. Purposeful movement of an animal either toward or away from a stimulus 4. Each of the following are directly involved or associated with animal migration…arrow_forwardConventional signals are not costly because they often entail slight visible variations in only a small portion of the body, but they can be rendered honest through social reinforcement. Which example best demonstrates this case? A. Birds with large throat patches with poor fighting ability are attacked more often by dominant birds. B. Aggressive wasps with facial patterns indicating their fighting ability are less likely to be attacked. C. A dominant lion is able to evict younger chalengers from the pride. D. Female chimps will not mate with a male defeated in combat.arrow_forwardThe field of behavioral ecology asks which question?a. Is behavior hereditary?b. Is behavior adaptive?c. Is behavior modified by experience?d. Is behavior developmentally determined?arrow_forward
- Fish produce a hormone called isotocin, a hormone that is similar to oxytocin in mammals. Both hormones, oxytocin and isotocin, have been linked to social behaviors including the suppression of social anxiety, trust, and attachment. Prior to this study, the relationship between isotocin in the bloodstream and the amount of aggression or submission individual cichlid fish display was unknown. The researchers hypothesized that isotocin would suppress aggressive behaviors in cichlids to promote social cohesion as these fish exist in large social groups (schools). To address this hypothesis, each of 10 fish were exposed to two treatments, 1 week apart. One at a time, a fish was randomly selected from the group of 10 and either injected with a saline solution (that served as the control) or with isotocin. After this injection, the fish was returned to its group and the amount of aggressive and submissive behaviors the fish demonstrated was recorded for the next 10 minutes. One week later…arrow_forwardFish produce a hormone called isotocin, a hormone that is similar to oxytocin in mammals. Both hormones, oxytocin and isotocin, have been linked to social behaviors including the suppression of social anxiety, trust, and attachment. Prior to this study, the relationship between isotocin in the bloodstream and the amount of aggression or submission individual cichlid fish display was unknown. The researchers hypothesized that isotocin would suppress aggressive behaviors in cichlids to promote social cohesion as these fish exist in large social groups (schools). To address this hypothesis, each of 10 fish were exposed to two treatments, 1 week apart. One at a time, a fish was randomly selected from the group of 10 and either injected with a saline solution (that served as the control) or with isotocin. After this injection, the fish was returned to its group and the amount of aggressive and submissive behaviors the fish demonstrated was recorded for the next 10 minutes. One week later…arrow_forwardIn the paper by John Endler about colored spots in guppies, Endler finds that Select one: a.female guppies become more colorful in the presence of predators. b.female guppies become less colorful in the presence of predators. c.male guppies become less colorful in the presence of predators. d.male guppies become more colorful in the presence of predators. e.No change in color occurs in both male and female guppies, providing an example of a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.arrow_forward
- Which research question does not refer to proximate causes of behavior? a.) How do rhesus macaques find their food? b.) how do pigeons that are experimentally displaced find their way back to their home loft? c.) How does dispersal affect the survival of Belding's ground squirrels? d.) Do mother goats learn the odor of their offspring? e.) How do hummingbirds “know” when it is time to return to their overwintering grounds?arrow_forwardWhen a male lizard defends a certain area, he is exhibitinga. insight learning.b. kin selection.c. territoriality.d. altruism.arrow_forwardWhen animals engage in , they oftenperform displays that make them look as large anddangerous as possible.a. courtshipb. altruismc. kin selectiond. aggressionarrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning