Economics (Irwin Economics)
21st Edition
ISBN: 9781259723223
Author: Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue, Sean Masaki Flynn Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Question
Chapter 38, Problem 3P
To determine
Growth rate of real GDP and inflation rate.
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15. Suppose that the relationship between inflation rate (π) and unemployment rate (u) is described by the following equation:
πt – πte = (m + z) – αut
where m = 0.05, z = 0.04, and α = 2. In this economy, the authorities keep unemployment rate at 4% forever.
a. If the modified Philips curve describes the relationship between π and u correctly, how should “πte” be specified? Rewrite the equation using this specification. Assume that πt–1 = 1%. Compute πt, πt+1, and πt+2.
b. Do you believe the answer in part (a)? Why or why not?
c. Derive the natural rate of unemployment.
Please just do question 4 please
3) Suppose that on January 1, 2019 a bank lends $20,000 to a person. The bank and the individual both agree that the real interest rate charged on the loan should be 10% and the loan is going to be totally paid ($20,000 plus interest), in a one-time payment, on December 31, 2020. Suppose the two parties to this transaction can perfectly foresee what the inflation rate for this period is going to be. Given this information, what is the nominal rate the Bank has to charge on this loan? Assume that the CPI is computed at the beginning of each year.
According to US inflation data:
The historical average CPI for 2019 is - 255.657
The historical average CPI for 2019 is - 258.811
The inflation rate during the period is: (258.811/255.657 -1) *100 = 1.233%
Real Interest Rate = Nominal Interest Rate – Expected Inflation
Nominal Interest Rate = Real Interest Rate+ Expected Inflation
Nominal Interest Rate = 10% + 1.23%
Nominal Interest Rate…
3) Suppose that on January 1, 2019 a bank lends $20,000 to a person. The bank and the individual both agree that the real interest rate charged on the loan should be 10% and the loan is going to be totally paid ($20,000 plus interest), in a one-time payment, on December 31, 2020. Suppose the two parties to this transaction can perfectly foresee what the inflation rate for this period is going to be. Given this information, what is the nominal rate the Bank has to charge on this loan? Assume that the CPI is computed at the beginning of each year.
Chapter 38 Solutions
Economics (Irwin Economics)
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- just do 4 3) Suppose that on January 1, 2019 a bank lends $20,000 to a person. The bank and the individual both agree that the real interest rate charged on the loan should be 10% and the loan is going to be totally paid ($20,000 plus interest), in a one-time payment, on December 31, 2020. Suppose the two parties to this transaction can perfectly foresee what the inflation rate for this period is going to be. Given this information, what is the nominal rate the Bank has to charge on this loan? Assume that the CPI is computed at the beginning of each year. Nominal interest rate refers to the interest rate before taking inflation into account. Nominal can also refer to the advertised or stated interest rate on a loan, without taking into account any fees or compounding of interest. Therefore the interest charged by the bank is 10% only with no adjustments of inflation rate over the year. The amount of money charged by the bank as interest in one year equals to ; 20000$× 10/100= 2000$.…arrow_forwardSuppose that consumer spending initially rises by $5 billion for every 1 percent rise in household wealth and that investment spending initially rises by $20 billion for every 1 percentage point fall in the real interest rate. Also assume that the economy's multiplier is 4. If household wealth falls by 6 percent because of declining house values, and the real interest rate falls by 2 percentage points, in what direction and by how much will the aggregate demand curve initially shift at each price level? In what direction and by how much will it eventually shift?arrow_forwardSuppose that the real money demand function is L(Y,r+πe)=0.3Y÷ (r+πe) Where Y is real output, r is the real interest rate, and πe is the expected rate of inflation. Real output is constant over time at Y = 1500. The real interest rate is fixed in the goods market at r = 0.5 per year. Suppose that the nominal money supply is growing at the rate of 10% per year and that this growth rate is expected to persist for ever. Currently, the nominal money supply is M = 400. What are the values of the real money supply and the current price level? (Hint: What is the value of the expected inflation rate that enters the money demand function?). Suppose that the nominal money supply is M = 400. The Bank of Namibia announces that from now on the nominal money supply will grow at the rate of 5% per year. If everyone believes this announcement, and if all markets are in equilibrium, what are the values of real money supply and the current price level? Explain the effects on the…arrow_forward
- Your company has been trying to grow since its creation in the year 2000, and the board of directors is dissatisfied that your department’s advertising budget has increased 40% since the year 2000 but that little growth has occurred as a result. What argument might you make in your defense? Select one: a. While the nominal value of the budget has grown 40%, the real value (adjusted for inflation) has dropped sharply, so we have been lucky to even stay in business over these years. b. While the real value of the budget has grown 40%, the output of the national economy (as indicated by the mild growth of the GDP deflator) has been stagnant, so our lack of company growth is no surprise. c. While the nominal value of the budget has increased 40%, the real value has increased even greater than that, so the lack of growth has to be attributable to another department of the company. d. While the nominal value of the budget has grown 40%, the real value (adjusted for…arrow_forwardSuppose I lend my friend Peter $100 for one year, and he agrees to repay me with interest. We each have an expectation that the inflation rate over the coming year will be 5 percent, and so we agree that he will pay me back at a nominal rate of 7 percent interest. a) What real rate of return do I expect to receive? b) What happens if inflation turns out to be 8 percent over the year? Who is made better off and who is made worse off? c) What happens if inflation turns out to be 3 percent over the year? Who is made better off and who is made worse off?arrow_forwardSuppose that a hypothetical economy has the following relationship between its real output and the input quantities necessary for producing that output: a. What is productivity in this economy?b. What is the per-unit cost of production if the price of each input unit is $2?c. Assume that the input price increases from $2 to $3 with no accompanying change in productivity. What is the new per-unit cost of production? In what direction would the $1 increase in input price push the economy’s aggregate supply curve? What effect would this shift of aggregate supply have on the price level and the level of real output?d. Suppose that the increase in input price does not occur but, instead, that productivity increases by 100 percent. What would be the new per-unit cost of production? What effect would this change in per-unit production cost have on the economy’s aggregate supply curve? What effect would this shift of aggregate supply have on the price level and the level of real output?arrow_forward
- 4. Suppose that people expect inflation to equal 3 percent, but in fact prices rise by 5 percent. Indicate whether this unexpected higher rate of inflation would help or hurt each of the following groups. a homeowner with a fixed-rate mortgage. a union worker with a fixed labor contract a company that has invested some of its endowment in a government bonds which pay a fixed rate of return. 5. Indicate how each of the following events would affect the aggregate demand AD curve: a short-run decrease in the price level an increase in consumer confidence on the price level and real GDP an increase in government purchasesarrow_forwardAssume that next year’s wage rate will be 3 percent higher than this year’s because of inflationary expectations. The actual inflation rate is 4 percent. At the beginning of next year, will the real wage be higher, lower, or the same as today? Explain. Assume that Mark gets a fixed-rate loan from a bank when the expected inflation rate is 3 percent. If the actual inflation rate turns out to be 4 percent, who benefits from the unexpected inflation: Mark, the bank, neither, or both? Explain. How does each of the following changes affect the real gross domestic product and price level of an open economy in the short run? Explain. The depreciation of the country’s currency in the foreign exchange market.arrow_forwardAssume the expected after-tax real interest rate is 1% and that the nominal interest rate is 4% .Suppose that the actual inflation rate turns out to be 4% as well. What is the realized after -tax real interest.?arrow_forward
- Suppose that the average annual growth rate of nominal GDP over a period is 6.8% and the average annual inflation rate over the same period is 3.7%. What is the growth rate of real GDP? Use the exact formula and express your answer in percentage rounded to the nearest first decimal.arrow_forwardPlease consider the real balance demand below.ln m = α0 + α1 ln y + α2 ln Ra) What is the economic meaning of α1 and α2 ? Prove your claim for α1.b) Assume that α1 = 1.0 and α2 = -0.4. Interpret α1 and α2.c) Solve the real balance demand for R using the numerical values in (b) above.d) Consider R = r = 0.04 and y / m = 5 for the zero inflation rate. Assuming that the real interest rate r is constant and 4%, calculate the inflation rate for the nominal interest rate R = 25%.e) Using the values in (b) and (d) above, calculate the inflation welfare cost as a percentage of total output y.f) explain intuitively the economic logic behind the calculation method in (e) above.arrow_forward
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