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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-W/MASTR.BIO.
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134875040
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 38, Problem 4TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The animal which hurts and kills its prey is known as predator and the animal which gets killed and hunted is known as prey. The relationship of prey and predator is responsible for the driving force for evolution.
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Neurotransmitters:
a. Can only inhibit the postsynaptic cell
b. Can be part of a process that regulates transcription and translation in the postsynaptic cell
с.
Are bound to their receptors forever, until the receptor is degraded and recycled.
d. Can exit the presynaptic cell without assistance.
e. Can only excite the postsynaptic cell
Clathrin:
Is embedded in the cell membrane of the synaptic terminal.
a.
b. Degrades vesicles for recycling and return to the axon hillock
с.
Mediates ALL endocytosis in the body, including the formation of vesicles in the synapse.
d. Forms a coat of octagonal proteins.
e. Helps the vesicle leave the pre-synaptic cell, and fuse to the membrane of the post-synaptic
cell
The release of a neurotransmitter from a terminal button produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in the postsynaptic neuron. What is the most likely mechanism by which this occurs?
A.
the neurotransmitter opens chemically activated chloride channels
B.
the neurotransmitter activates a second messenger which then opens calcium channels
C.
the neurotransmitter is glutamate
D.
the neurotransmitter acts on a G-protein linked receptor which opens sodium channels
What evidence led Lashley to draw his conclusions of equipotentiality and mass action? a. Learning depends on changes at synapses using all types of neurotransmitters. b. Electrical stimulation of the brain can produce either reward or punishment, depending on the intensity of stimulation. c. EEG studies show activation throughout the brain during an experiment on learning. d. Impairment of learning depended on the amount of cortical damage rather than the location.
Chapter 38 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-W/MASTR.BIO.
Ch. 38.1 - Which division of the autonomic nervous system...Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 38.2 - When you wave your right hand, what part of your...Ch. 38.2 - People who are inebriated have difficulty touching...Ch. 38.2 - WHAT IF? Two groups of individuals have CNS...Ch. 38.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 38.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 38.3 - WHAT IF? If a woman with a severed corpus callosum...Ch. 38.4 - Which one of the five categories of sensory...Ch. 38.4 - Prob. 2CC
Ch. 38.4 - WHAT IF? If you stimulated a sensory neuron of an...Ch. 38.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 38.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 38.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 38.5 - Prob. 4CCCh. 38.6 - Contrast the light-detecting organs of planarians...Ch. 38.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 38.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Compare the function of retinal...Ch. 38 - Patients with damage to Wernickes area have...Ch. 38 - The cerebral cortex does not play a major role in...Ch. 38 - The middle ear converts A. air pressure waves to...Ch. 38 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 38 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 38 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 38 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 38 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Consider an individual who had...Ch. 38 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 38 - FOCUS ON ORGANIZATION In a short essay (100-150...Ch. 38 - Prob. 11TYU
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- What is a Ranvier knot? A.Region that closes on a GFP, when calmodulin and M13 interact in the presence of calcium B.Contact between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic buttons C.Region where two axons cross and exchange signals D.Region between two myelenised sections of the same axonarrow_forwardA neuron must reach threshold to fire an action potential. In this context, threshold refers to which event? a. voltage at which damage occurs to the membrane because of the electrical charge b. the voltage at which potassium ions begin to flow in and out of the cell c. the voltage at which voltage-gated sodium channels open d. the voltage at which the neuron can no longer produce an action potential According to studies in developing rodents, testosterone treatment causes detectable changes in: a. the sex region Y gene b. the thalamus c. the hypothalamus d. alpha-fetoproteinarrow_forwardAn action potential is an all-ornone event. This on/off signaling is an evolutionary adaptation of animals that must sense and act in a complex environment. It is possible to imagine a nervous system in which the action potentials are graded, with the amplitude depending on the size of the stimulus. Describe what evolutionary advantage on/ off signaling might have over a graded (continuously variable) kind of signaling.arrow_forward
- Many neurotoxins have been used extensively in physiological studies of neurons. When comparing tetrodotoxin found in puffer fish and batrachotoxins from poison dart-frogs, the former had no effect on a neurons resting potential but completely stopped its action potential, whereas the later toxin immediately initiates depolarization of a neuron but prevents repolarization. Can your group hypothesize how these toxins affect the nerve transmission differently?arrow_forwardThe reflex arc is the fastest way the body has to move a body part from danger or away from the source of pain. Have you ever noticed your own reflex response? Did you notice that you felt the pain after you yanked your hand away from the source of pain? Which is the sequence of structures involved in a reflex response? a. motor neurons → effectors → brain → sensory neurons → interneurons b. effectors → sensory neurons → brain → motor neurons c. sensory neurons → interneurons → motor neurons → effectors d. sensory neurons → motor neurons → interneurons → effectorsarrow_forwardWhat is maladaptive neuroplasticity? a. Neuroplasticity that affect the autonomic nervous system b. Neuroplasticity that has adverse effects c. Neuroplasticity that only last a short time d. Neuroplasticity that is dormant and cannot be activatedarrow_forward
- Based on what you know about how Serotonin and Octopamine function, do the results of the Octopamine injection make sense? Results: After injecting the Octopamine, the crayfish showed aggressive behavior(either resident male or intruder female/male) Why do you say so? What might explain your results?arrow_forwardWhich of the following evolutionary adaptations would result in an increase in the speed of conduction of action potentials by increasing the membrane resistance of the axon? a. increasing the number of channels in the plasma membrane b. placing all voltage-gated ion channels at distant intervals |c. myelinating the axon d. increasing the diameter of the axon e. decreasing the number of channels in the membrane.arrow_forwardAmplification of a chemical signal occurs when? a. phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinase receptors is balanced by the immediate removal of phosphate groups by phosphatases b. a receptor in the plasma membrane activates several “first messenger” molecules while a signal molecule is bound to it c. a cAMP molecule activates one protein kinase molecule before being converted to AMP d. a receptor activates a single first messenger and a single second messengerarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements correctly describes the all-or-none principle? a. A neuron produces a complete response or no response to a stimulus. b. A stimulus depolarizes all of the neurons in the body or none at all. c. A neuron produces a complete response to every stimulus. d. A stimulus repolarizes all of the neurons in the body or none at all.arrow_forwardWhat do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?a. They both are more common in young men than in young women.b. They both impair the initiation of action potentials.c. They both damage the myelin sheath, disrupting action potential transmission.d. They both impair nerve function in the peripheral nervous systemarrow_forwardBoth potassium and sodium channels located along the nerve membrane are voltage-gated. This means that they respond to the changes in the voltage by opening and closing the gates to allow the ions to flow in or out of the membrane. When the threshold level is reached and depolarization occurs, how come only the sodium ions begin to rush in? a. The threshold levels for both sodium and potassium channels are equal, but sodium channels are slower to open. b. The threshold levels for both sodium and potassium channels are equal, but potassium channels take longer to open. c. The threshold level for the potassium channels is lower than the sodium channels. d. The threshold level for the potassium channels is higher than the sodium channels.arrow_forward
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