Macroeconomics (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393603767
Author: Charles I. Jones
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Question
Chapter 4, Problem 4E
(a)
To determine
Derive the five equation and five unknowns.
(b)
To determine
Solve the equations.
(c)
To determine
Determine the equilibrium level of output per person.
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David Ricardo ([1817] 1965) modified Smith’s model by introducing diminishing returns to land cultivation. Diminishing returns implies that as you apply more of a variable input (labor) to a fixed input (land), the productivity of each additional worker will eventually decline as long as technology isfixed. He claimed that land was of variable quality and finite. Thus, as an economy grows, population grows relative to land, and the productivity of the labor on the land will decline. According to Ricardo, the only way stagnation could be averted, at least temporarily, would be through the trade and imports of cheap food or wage goods.
The essential doctrines of John Stuart Mill (1848) differed little, if at all, from those of Ricardo. He, like Smith, believed in the doctrine of laissez-faire , but he also recognized the possibility of modifying the system. He displayed a leaning to the socialist ideal, growing closer as his life advanced. He believed that we should sacrifice economic…
– Consider the following one-period model. Assume that the consumption good is produced by a linear technology: Y = zN D where Y is the output of the consumption good, z is the exogenous total factor productivity, N D is the labour hours. Government has to finance its expenditures, G, using a tax on the representative firm. The government collects t units of consumption goods from the firm for each unit of labor it employs (0 < t < 1). There is no other tax in the economy. The firm is owned by the representative consumer who is endowed with h hours of time she can allocate between work, NS and leisure, l. Preferences of the representative consumer are: U(c, l) = ln c + ln l (1)
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The Black Death: (a) Wages were higher after the Black Death because of diminishing returns. Our production model exhibits diminishing returns to labor: each additional unit of labor increases output by less and less. So if the amount of labor is reduced, the marginal product of labor — and hence the wage — increases. The reason is that capital stays the same: each remaining worker is able to work with more machines, so his productivity rises. In fourteenth-century Europe, the marginal workers could move to better land and discard old broken-down tools. Graphically, this can be seen by considering the supply-and-demand diagram for labor in Figure 4.2(b). If the supply of labor shifts back (because a large number of workers die), the equilibrium wage rate increases. Draw this graph — including the shift in the labor supply curve — to see the result for yourself. Mathematically, the result can be seen in the solution for the wage rate in our production model,…
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